1

Power Control and Rate

Adaptation in WCDMA
By Olufunmilola Awoniyi
2
Contents
Overview of WCDMA
Paper summary - Goal
System Model and Assumptions
Approach
Simulation Results
Comments
3
WCDMA
Third generation wireless systems designed to fulfill the
communication to anybody, anywhere, anytime vision.
Support voice, streaming video, high speed data.
Spread spectrum systems with spread bandwidth of >=5MHz
Support multirate services by using spreading codes
Different versions of WCDMA check for names of standards
- Europe - UMTS (asynch).
- Japan - Core-A (asynch)
- Korea - TTA (I & II) (TTA I synch, TTA II asynch)
- US - CDMA2000 (synch)
- ITU - IMT-2000

*ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
*ETSI European Telecommunications Standardization Institute
*IMT- 2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
*ITU - International Telecommunication union
*TIA Telecommunication Industry Association
*TTA Telecommunication Technology Association
*UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System


4
WCDMA Standards
IMT-2000 proposal
5
Features of the WCDMA
Bandwidth 5, 10, 20 MHz
Spreading codes

Orthogonal variable spreading factor
(OVSF) SF: 4-256
Scrambling codes

DL- Gold sequences. (len-18)
UL- Gold/Kasami sequences (len-41)
Data Modulation
DL - QPSK
UL - BPSK
Data rates 144 kbps, 384 kbps, 2 Mbps
Duplexing FDD
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UL and DL Spreading
Downlink Transmitter Design
Uplink Transmitter Design
7
Paper Summary
Power and rate allocation in multirate wideband CDMA system
by J.W Mark and S. Zhut ( University of Waterloo)


Goal Develop a power distribution law the IMT-2000 WCDMA
system so that the QOS requirements are met and transmit
power is minimized.


Conclusion
- Power adaptation is a function of spread bandwidth, data
rates and QOS requirements.
- The closer the demand for resource is to the available
resource, the higher the required transmit power.

8
System Model
Uplink transmissions in a single cell bottle-neck for capacity
M users in the cell
Number of channels for user j is K
j
where K
j
s L
Channel AWGN, denoted by n
j
for the jth user
Total Interference (I
tj
) = Thermal noise + MAI Gaussian
QOS elements have factored in fading and shadowing effects
specified in terms of SIR (BER), o
j,
, such that


with data rates R
bj
, where



Total transmit power required (to transmit over K
j
channels) for
user j is S
j

Each user have a traffic demand,
j
, and a normalized traffic
demand, I
j
.

* MAI Multiple access interference
(
(

=
j
jK
, ,
j2
,
j1 j
o o o
(
(
(

=
j
bjK
, ,
bj2
,
bj1 bj
R R R R
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System Model - Equations
o can be written in SIR terms as,



such that the required transmit power is


Therefore, S
j
can be define as


with a normalized traffic demand defined as


Total interference is



* W Spread bandwidth



R
bj1,
o
j1



R
bj2,
o
j2


.
.
.


R
bjKj,
o
jKj



OVSF code 2
OVSF code K
j

W
OVSF code 1
W
t
I
b
R S =
o = =
W
t
I
b
R
S
0
I
b
E
tj
I
'
j bj W
1
j
S R =
j W
1
j bj W
1
j
= =
'
R
j
n
M
j i 1, i
i
S +

= =
=
tj
I
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Approach (1)
If S = [S
1
, S
2
,,S
M
], with some manipulation,
such that
Perron-Frobenius Theorem I
p
has positive eigenvalue,
equal to the spectral radius and if < 1, the solution is non-
negative.
Example - M = 2
- By solving the characteristic polynomial, det[I
p
- I
M
] = 0

-
1
=
2
= , n
1
= n
2
= n (uniform traffic demands and noise)


Observations -
- For any power distribution, traffic demand is upper bounded
by spread bandwidth.
- The higher the noise or the closer the traffic demands are to
W, the higher the required transmit power.

1 < =
2

1

,

>
W
n
1,2
S
, n S
D
s
>
W <
n
1
P

M
I S
D

>
|
.
|

\
|
W <
2 1

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Approach (2)
Limiting case Ignore n for each user and minimize transmit
power
- By solving for a non-trivial solution, for uniform traffic
demands,

therefore,
(necessary condition for convergence - 1)

and


Observation
- All users transmit the same power and raise the transmit
power until interference can be ignored





1 M
1

=
1 M
W

=
0 = S
s

=
=

=
M
1 i
i
S
M
1
j
S
1 M
tj
I
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Approach (3)
General case - If S
j
is such that


Therefore,



Consequently,






(necessary condition for convergence - 2)









1

j
n
M
j i 1, i
i
S
j
S
j

<
+

= =
s

=
s
M
1 i
i
S
j
S
M
1

M i
1 i
i

|
|
.
|

\
|

<
[
=
=

1
W M
1
M i
1 i
i
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

<
[
=
=

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Admission policy
The conditions sufficient for convergence will used to accept or
reject a request for connection in the admission controller.

1) For all Is (for users already connected and those requesting),
calculate E(I) and Var(I) such that


2) Admission policy
- Admit -

- Reject -

- Admit light traffic demand -

and




( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
-
=
E M
Var
3
1
W
M
1
M i
1 i
i
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
<
[
=
=

1 M
MW
M
1 i
i
>

=

1 M
MW
M
1 i
i
<

=

1
W
M
1
M i
1 i
i
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
>
[
=
=

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Simulation Results
The higher the variation in the normalized traffic demand, the
looser the bound and the higher the capacity.
Uniform traffic achieves the minimum capacity.
At M , the variation in traffic becomes less significant and
the distribution of the traffic demand looks uniform.
Admission of a new call can lead to other users having to
change their transmit power to achieve their desired SIR values.




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Comments
Worst case scenario - When most users increase their
transmit power to meet QOS constraints, the system blows up.
- Total traffic demand < 0.8W.
- Better to have power constraints (average or total power).

Multicell system - Link Quality in SIR Based Power Control
for UMTS CDMA system by Oppermann et al.

Fading / ISI channel - Adaptive Multicode CDMA for the
uplink Throughput Maximization by S.A Jafar and A. Goldsmith