GROWTH

Definition: the addition process in size, volume, or number of cell, that is irreversible. Growth phenomenon can be quantitatively measured. Example: body height leaf width stem diameter

DEVELOPMENT
Definition: the changing process in function that goes to complexity (maturation) Development phenomenon is qualitative and cant be measured with measuring tools. Example: body work ability fruit ripening presence of leaf, root, stem, flower, fruit

PATTERN OF GROWTH
The growth of organism has certain pattern, that is Sigmoid pattern (S model) Sigmoid pattern of growth occurs in three phases:
Exponential/logarithmic phase Linear phase Senescene phase

Factors that influence growth and development

Internal factor
gene hormone

External factor
food (nutrition) water temperature humidity oxygen sunlight

Growth & Development In Flowering Plant 1. Germination 2. Primary growth 3. Secondary growth 4. Growth hormone (fitohormon)

GERMINATION
Definition: growth and development of embryo in the seed of plant It consists of cotyledone, plumulae and radicle Types of germination:
HYPOGEAL EPIGEAL

PRIMARY GROWTH

Primordial leaf

SECONDARY GROWTH

 Primary growth is growth which is caused by apical meristem activities in the tip of stem and root. Secondary growth is growth which is caused by lateral meristem (vascular cambium) activities in the dicotyledone stem

FITOHORMONE
AUXINE GIBERELIN CYTOKININ ETYLEN ABSISAT ACID TRAUMATIN ACID KALIN

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMAL

Animal developments stage ZYGOTE CELL CLEAVAGE MORULA BLASTULA GASTRULA ORGANOGENESIS Metamorphosis
COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS

Metagenesis (alternation of generation)

Organism developments stage

 Complete metamorphosis EGG LARVA PUPA (COCOON) ADULT ORGANISM (IMAGO) examples: butterfly, bee, mosquito, fly,ant. Incomplete metamorphosis EGG NYMPH ADULT ORGANISM examples: grasshopper, dragonfly, termite Metamorphosis in frog EGG TADPOLE ADULT FROG

metamorphosis in insect

metamorphosis in frog

METAGENESIS
Definition: alternation of generation in the organism life cycle between two phase of reproduction, sexual and asexual reproduction. Examples: Metagenesis in plant (Bryophyte/moss, Pteridophyte/fern, Spermatophyte/seedplant) Metagenesis in animal (Aurelia sp./jellyfish, Obelia sp.)

Metagenesis in Moss (Bryophyte)

Protonema (n) Tumbuhan lumut (n) Anteridium (n) Sperma(n)

fertilisasi

Arkegonium (n) Ovum (n)

Gametofit

Zigot (2n) Embrio (2n) Sporogonium (2n) Sel induk spora (2n)
meiosis

Sporofit

Spora (n)

Metagenesis in fern (Pteridophyte)

Tumbuhan paku (2n) Sporogonium (2n) Sel induk spora (2n)

meiosis

Sporofit

Spora (n)

Protalium (n)
Anteridium (n) Sperma(n)
fertilisasi

Arkegonium (n) Ovum (n)

Gametofit

Zigot (2n)

Metagenesis in the seed plant (Spermatophyte)

Zigot(2n)biji Embrio (2n) Tumbuhan dewasa (2n) Sporofit Gametofit

Putik(2n) Megasporosit (2n)

meiosis

Benang sari(2n) Mikrosporosit(2n) Mikrospora(n)

polinasi

Megaspora (n)

Serbuk sari (n) Buluh serbuk (n) Sel sperma (n)

Megagametofit(n) Sel telur/ovum (n)

fertilisasi

Metagenesis in animal

Life cycle of Jelly fish (Aurelia sp.)

Medusa sperma Medusa ovum

fertilisasi

zigot

polip

(larva bersilia)

polip hydrant

polip gonangium/ tunas medusa

planula

embrio

EXPERIMENT
Tools and materials
10 Phaseolus vulgaris seed 10 Zea mays seed Cotton Plastic glasses Water Ruler Paper and pencil

Prosedure
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Put @10 seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays in the water for an hour. Prepare 4 plastic glasses and give identity A, B, C, and D. Put some cotton at the base of the glass and make the cotton wet by water them. Put @ 5 seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris in glass A and B. Then put @ 5 seeds of Zea mays in glass C and D. Put glass A and C under direct sunlight place and glass B and D in the dark place. Keep the cotton wet every day by water them. Observe them every day. Measure the length of sprout every day until 7 days. Observe and compare between germination under direct sunlight and in the dark place. Record the data in the table below!

The sprout length for 7 days

Sprout 1 2 Day

Note

3
4 5

Mean
Organize the data into the graph!

Discussion
1. How long is the increasing of sprout length every day? 2. What other phenomena can you observe of the germination? 3. What are the differences between germination in Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays? 4. What are the differences between germination in the dark place and under direct sunlight? 5. What are the conclusion that you can make based on this experiment?

Sistematic of Report
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Title Objective Tools and Materials Procedure Data Discussion Conclusion Reference