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Learning outcomes
Atom economy is a measure of the proportion of reactants that become useful products.
x 100
It minimises the use and generation of chemical substances that are hazardous to human health or the environment.
Better to prevent waste than to treat it or clean it up. Chemical processes should aim to incorporate all reactants in the final product. Chemical processes should aim to use and generate substances with minimal toxicity to human health and the environment.
Percentage yield
Actual yield % yield = Theoretical yield x 100
Atom economy
In an ideal reaction, all reactant atoms end up within the useful product molecule. No waste is produced! Inefficient, wasteful reactions have low atom economy.
Atom economy
Mass of desired product(s) % atom economy = Total mass of reactants x 100
Example 1
What is the percentage atom economy for the following reaction for making hydrogen by reacting coal with steam?
C(s)
12 g
2H2O(g) CO2(g)
2(2 + 16) g
+ 2H2(g)
2(2 1) g
[12 + (2 16)] g
12 g
36 g
44 g
4g
Example 1 (contd)
% atom economy = mass of desired product 100 total mass of reactants = 4 100 48 = 8.3%
This reaction route has a very low atom economy and is an inefficient method of producing hydrogen.
Example 2
Calculate the percentage atom economy for the reaction below.
CH3 H3C C CH3 CH CH2 H3C acid H3C C C CH3 CH3
Example 2 (contd)
% atom economy = mass of desired product 100 total mass of reactants = 84 100 84 = 100%
This reaction route has a very high atom economy as all reactant atoms are incorporated into the desired product.
Example 3
Hydrazine (N2H4) is used for rocket fuel. Calculate the atom economy for hydrazine production.
2NH3 + NaOCl N2H4
NaCl
H2O
NH3 2 mol
NaOCl 1 mol
N2H4 1 mol 32 g
NaCl 1 mol
H2O 1 mol 18 g
34 g
74.5 g
58 g
Example 3 (contd)
% atom economy = mass of desired product 100 total mass of reactants = 32 100 108.5 = 30%
This reaction route has an atom economy of 30%. The remaining 70% is waste product (NaCl and H2O).
Catalysts
Have a crucial role in improving atom economy. Allow the development of new reactions requiring fewer starting materials and producing fewer waste products.
Can be recovered and re-used. Allow reactions to run at lower temperatures, cutting energy
requirements.