INTRODUCTION to: Cell Structure

Bacteria vs. Eucaryotes

Cells are Small

Relative Sizes
TEM TEM both both both both SEM SEM

Ribosome Image

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

A Generalized Plant Cell

Central vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus

Chromatin
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus

Peroxisome
Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Double Membrane, Continuous with Endoplasmic Reticulum

Nuclear Membrane

Nuclear Membrane (Surface View)

Note Nuclear Pores

Nuclear Membrane (Cross Section)

DNA in nucleus Inner membrane Outer membrane Cytoplasm

DNA in nucleus Inner membrane Nucleus Nuclear envelope

Cytoplasm

Outer membrane

Nuclear pore complex

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Nucleolus

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Centrioles
In specialized zone near nucleus: Centrosome Each unit consists of microtubules Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell and become spindle fibers

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Mitochondria

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

CompartmentalizationMembrane-Bound Organelles

Compartmentalization

Eucaryotic cells are full of membraneenclosed compartments

These separate incompatible chemical and physical conditions That way, for example, proteins can be both synthesized and hydrolyzed within a single cell

NE = Nuclear Envelope SER = Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum RER = Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum TE = Transitional Elements CGN = Cis Golgi Network MV = Membrane Vescicles GA = Golgi Apparatus TGN = Trans Golgi Network Sec vec = Secretory Vesicles CV = Condensing Vacuoles SG = Secretory Granules PM = Plasma Membrane e. endo = Early Endosomes l. endo = Late Endosomes MVB = Multivesciular Bodies lys. = Lysosomes Central & Food Vacuoles (not shown)

Endomembrane System

Endomembrane System

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Rough ER

Rough ER

Rough ER

Ribosomes attached (like nuclear outer membrane) Protein synthesis within endomembrane system

Protein synthesis for secretion

Integral membrane protein synthesis Protein modification (Golgi also) Membrane assembly

Synthesizing ER Proteins
THE SIGNAL HYPOTHESIS
RNA Ribosome

Signal sequence

Receptor

Interior of rough ER

1. Signal sequence is synthesized by ribosome.

2. Signal sequence interacts with receptor protein in ER membrane.

3. Protein enters ER. Signal sequence is removed.

Adding Carbohydrates to Proteins

Mol. Chaparone Folding of Proteins

BiP = Binding Protein

 Steroid synthesis Glycogen metabolism Detoxification (poisons/drugs)

Smooth ER

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Golgi Apparatus

Distinguishing Component Chemistry

Density gradient centrifugation

Lower-density solution

Sample

Higher-density solution 1. Add sample to tube of variabledensity solution. 2. Run centrifuge. Cell components separate by density into distinct bands. 3. To extract specific cell components for analysis, poke tube with needle and withdraw a specific band.

Tracing Movement Through EM System

THE SECRETORY PATHWAY: A MODEL

RNA

Rough ER

1. Secreted proteins enter ER as they are being synthesized by ribosome. 2. Protein exits ER in vesicle.

Secretion

cis face of Golgi apparatus Various glycosylation reactions

Golgi apparatus 3. Protein travels through the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. 4. Protein enters a secretory vesicle that fuses with cell membrane. Plasma membrane 5. Protein is secreted from cell.

trans face of Golgi apparatus

Note how inside EM is equivalent to outside cell

Protein Secretion
Interior of Golgi apparatus 1. In the endomembrane system, proteins bound for different destinations are given different carbohydrate "tags." 2. Proteins are sorted in the Golgi apparatus.

3. Transport vesicles bud from the Golgi apparatus and travel to their destinations. Return to the ER

To plasma membrane for secretion 4. Proteins on vesicle surface interact with receptors at destination. 5. Vesicle delivers contents.

Lysome

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Plasma Membrane

Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane

Intracellular versus extracellular Membrane potential Glycolipids and glycoproteins Fluid-mosaic model

Membrane Lipids

Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer

Hydrophilic (water-loving) polar heads Hydrophobic (water-fearing) nonpolar heads

Cholesterol: Determines fluid nature of membrane

Membrane Proteins
Integral or intrinsic
Extend from one surface to the other

Peripheral or extrinsic
Attached to either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer

Marker Molecules
Allow cells to identify on another or other molecules Glycoproteins Glycolipids Examples:
Immune system Recognition of oocyte by sperm cell

Channel Proteins
Nongated ion channels
Always open

Ligand gated ion channel

Open in response to small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins

Voltage-gated ion channel

Open when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane

Receptors
Receptor molecules
Exposed receptor site

Linked to channel proteins

Acetylcholine

Linked to G proteins
Alter activity on inner surface of plasma membrane

Enzymes and Carrier Proteins

Movement through the Plasma Membrane

Diffusion Osmosis Filtration Mediated transport mechanisms
Facilitated diffusion Active transport Secondary active transport

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are protein-making machines

Ribosomes

Ribosome Image

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is full of stuff (organelles)

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is external to the endomembrane system

It is the cytosol that is the water solution that all this stuff is suspended in The striped things in this image are golgi

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

The Endomembrane System

A Generalized Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Centrioles Lysosome

Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Gogli apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Cytoskeletal element Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)

Eucaryotic Cell Cytoskeleton

Fluorescence micrograph Intermediate Fluorescence micrograph Microfilaments filaments Microtubules Protein subunits Keratin, vimentin, Actin a-tubulin and b tubulin dimers of microfilaments in lamin, others of intermediate filaments Two intertwined strands wound into thicker Structure Hollow tube mammalian cells Fibers in mammalian cells cables
7 nm 10 nm 25 nm

Actin subunit Functions maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull) motility via pseudopodia (see Chapter 27) muscle contraction (see Chapter 43) cell division in animals (see Chapter 8)

Keratin subunits
maintain cell shape by resisting tension (pull) anchor nucleus and some other organelles

Tubulin dimer
maintain cell shape by resisting compression (push) motility via flagella or cilia move chromosomes during cell division (see Chapter 9) move organelles

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules
Kinesin "walks" along a microtubule track

Transport vesicle

Kinesin

vesicles

ATP

ADP+Pi

ATP

ADP+Pi

Microtubule

microtubule tracks

Eukaryote Flagella

Flagella Cross Section

AB AB

Cell membrane

Central pair

Outer doublet

dynein arms

Dynein

Bridge

Sliding of microtubule doublets

Spoke

Flagella Cross Section

9 + 1 Microtubule Doublets

Gap Junctions

channel proteins interlock and form pores mostly in cardiac and smooth muscle

Tight Junctions

Fusion of membrane lipids Found near surface of cells lining the digestive tract.

Desmosomes

Proteoglycan layer reinforced by filaments Very strong, resist stretching and twisting Esp. found in superficial layers of skin

Cilia
Appendages projecting from cell surfaces Capable of movement Moves materials over the cell surface

Flagella
Similar to cilia but longer Usually only one exists per cell Move the cell itself in wavelike fashion Example: Sperm cell

Microvilli
Extension of plasma membrane Increase the cell surface Normally many on each cell One tenth to one twentieth size of cilia Do not move

Extracellular Matrix