UNIT 1: TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION : BUILDING, BRIDGE AND ROAD

By: Khairunnisa Binti Muhamad Pegawai Latihan Vokasional Department of Building Construction (Advanced System) Session: July- Dec 2013

TOPIC CONTENT:
1.1 Overview of construction development 1.2 Building Construction (Project delivery method) 1.3 Uniform multi storey building construction 1.4 Bridge construction 1.5 Road construction

1.1 OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION DEVELOPMENT

Construction can be described as a basic industry that fulfills human needs. The building we occupied, roads we drive on and bridge that we cross

construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure.

1.1 OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION DEVELOPMENT

Construction could be in a;

single activity such as building a house, a road or a bridge; large scale construction such as development of new commercial area which consists of buildings and other infrastructure facilities.

Who manage and supervise construction activities???

Project manager

Construction engineer

Project manager Design engineer Project Architect

4 categories of construction sector

RESIDENTIAL
List Example??

COMMERCIAL BUILDING
List Example??

INFRASTRUCTURE & HEAVY HIGHWAY

List example??

INDUSTRIAL
List examples??

Privately funded by individual owners/private owner . Normally use fairly low technology and readily available technology.

Private or public funding Typical design or specialization

Public funded Design by civil engineer Build by heavy construction contractors

Mostly private funded Special design High level of technology used

1.2 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

building may refer to

any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or An act of construction.

Structural height

the height to the highest architectural detail on building from street-level

CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Agricultural buildings Parking and storage

Military buildings

Government buildings

Educational buildings
Religious buildings Residential Buildings Transit stations Commercial buildings Industrial buildings

1.2.1 PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS

Conventional or traditional methods Modern or industrialized methods

Conventional or traditional methods

Modern or industrialized methods

1.2.1 PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS

FEEL LIKE EINSTEIN !!!!!

1.3 UNIFORM MULTI-STOREY BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Definition: A multi-story is a building that has multiple floors above ground in the building. General purpose in constructing a multi-story building is to increase the area of the building without increasing the area of the land the building is built on, hence saving land and, in most cases, money. uniform multi-storey carries a meaning of building that has same structure throughout its multiple floors. Multi-storey buildings usually must have additional safety systems, such as fire sprinklers and fire escapes, as mandated by building codes.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WORKS CONCEPT

PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Design Team consists of Client Architect Landscape architect (if necessary) Civil and structure engineer Mechanical and electrical engineer Infrastructural engineer Quantity surveyors

Major construction activities of a building consist of six (6) elements namely; Site preparation/mobilization Foundation Works Structural works Architectural works : Exterior and Interior Mechanical & Electrical Services Infrastructural Works/ External Works

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

SITE PREPARATION AND MOBILIZATION

ACTIVITIES
Clearing the site Setting out the building Establishing a datum level

Mobilization process consists of moving in activities by the builder. These includes; establishing accommodation and facilities for site staff, storage for materials and machineries; temporary drainage to avoid flooding; and temporary fencing/hording for security.

STRUCTURAL WORKS
FOUNDATION Shallow Foundation / Deep Foundation

SUBSTRUCTURE structure below a baseline or the lowest support of a structure

SUPERSTRUCTURE

upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline

ROOF uppermost part of a building Function Of Roof??

ARCHITECTURAL WORKS
Architectural works (interior and exterior) involves in buildings construction such as: Brickworks (wall and fencing). Plastering (internal and external). Cement rendering for internal and external slabs, staircase etc. Tiling/marble for wall and floor. Ceiling works- asbestos ceiling, plaster ceilings etc. Timber works. Internal fixtures and fittings, ironmongery. e.g. door frames and doors.

Installations of roof accessories e.g. gutter, down pipe etc. as per UBBL
requirements. Aluminum and glass/glazing works and other finishing as per architectural requirement of the building.

MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SERVICES

The typical M&E systems in a building are;

HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system cold and hot water systems, plumbing systems (storm and sanitary drainage), fire protection and security, electrical distributions, lighting and building transportation (e.g. lifts and elevators).

INFRASTRUCTURAL WORKS/EXTERNAL WORKS

roads, drainage, accommodation of services

A bridge is a structure built to span a valley, road, body of water, or other physical obstacle, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed, the material used to make it and the funds available to build it.

Basically, there are four main factors used in describing a bridge namely: span (simple, continuous, cantilever), material (stone, concrete, metal, etc.), placement of the travel surface in relation to the structure (deck, pony, through) form (beam, arch, truss, etc.).

The three basic types of spans are shown in below

three common travel surface configurations

There are six main types of bridges;

beam bridges cantilever bridges arch bridges suspension bridges cable-stayed bridges and truss bridges.

1) Beam and Girder types

A beam bridge is a direct descendant of the log bridge. It is normally made from shallow steel such as; 'I' beams, box girders, reinforced concrete, or post-tensioned concrete.

Main components of beam bridge pile, deck and pile base

2) Arch types

arch bridges supports system

Methods of classification for arch bridges

Methods of classification for masonry types-arch bridge

3) Suspension types
The longest bridges in the world are suspension bridges or their cousins, the cable-stayed bridge. The deck of any suspension bridge is hung from suspenders of wire rope, eye-bars or other materials. Materials used for the other parts also vary; piers (steel or masonry) deck (girders or trussed) A tied arch resists spreading (drift) at its bearings by using the deck as a tie piece. Main characteristic of suspension bridge are; aesthetic, light, and strong. Therefore, these bridges can span distances from 2,000 to 7,000 feet (far longer than any other kind of bridge) and used to be the most expensive kind of bridge to build

Types of suspension bridges

Main component of suspension bridge

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION: PROJECT DELIVERY

Identify location & feasibility study by PWD Site Survey by land Surveyor for location & boundary line Open Tender- Design and build Contract Award PWD approval

Revise design/ method

Detail Design and method of construction produced & clarified Construction-segmented/ prestress/ fabrication & erection/ false work

Completion-handover & maintenance

Process flow in design and build contract for bridge construction

Method of bridge construction is varies and depend on the contractors design either to be in;
segmented, pre-stressing, fabrication and erection stage or false work.

SUPERSTRUCTURE
The SUPERSTRUCTURE consists of the components that actually span the obstacle the bridge is intended to cross. It includes: the bridge deck, the structural members, and the parapets, handrails, sidewalk, lighting and drainage features.

SUBSTRUCTURE
The bridge SUBSTRUCTURE consists of all parts that support the superstructure. The main components are; abutments or end-bents;

piers or interior bents;

footings; and

piling.

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION (CONCRETE BRIDGE)

Pre-stressing Methods

Fabrication and Erection Stages

Falsework/Temporary Framework

Pre-stressing Methods
If steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures is tensioned against the concrete, the structure becomes a prestressed concrete structure.
1. Pre-Tensioning

2. Post-Tensioning

Pre-Tensioning
Pre-tensioning is accomplished by stressing tendons, steel wires, or stands to a predetermined amount. While stress is maintained in the tendons, concrete is placed in the structure.
After the concrete in the structure is hardened, the tendons are released and the concrete bonded to the tendons becomes prestressed. Hydraulic jacks and stands composed of several wires twisted around a straight centre wire are the techniques used in pretensioning.

Post-Tensioning
Post-tensioned happened when the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened and attained sufficient strength (usually at 70% of final strength) to withstand the pre-stressing forces, and each of the tendons are encored. A common method used to prevent tendons from bonding to the concrete during placing and curing is to encase the tendon in mortaltight metal tube or flexible metal hose before placing in the forms. After the tendons have been stressed, the void between the tendons and the duct is filled with grout.

Fabrication and Erection Stages In the case of cast-in-place box-girder bridge construction, the sequences of pre-stressing tendons have to be engineered step-by-step to ensure that the structure will have all parameters for future service load after completion this stage. The sequence of the erection may produce additional stresses that structures or portion of the structures were not designed for. These stressed and stability of the structures during erection is a big concern that is often overlooked by both designers and contractors. It is important for construction engineering to accomplish safe and efficient fabrication and erection of bridge structure.

Falsework/Temporary Framework

The construction of falsework is when the permanent structure is supported during the construction. This type of work is associated with the construction of cast-in-place concrete structures, especially bridge superstructures. The falsework provides a stable platform upon which the forms may be built and furnish support for the bridge superstructure. Bridge falsework can be classified in two types: conventional systems in which the various components (beams, posts, caps, bracing, etc.) are erected individually to form the completed system and proprietary systems in which metal components are assembled into modular units that can be stacked to form a series of towers that compose the vertical load-carrying members of the system.

ROAD CONSTRUCTION
A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.

Design, planning, legal and environmental approval/consideration Alignment of road by the licensed surveyor Earthwork- removing top soil, cut and fill, compacting, construction and trimming

Sub-grade

Sub-base

Wearing Course

Installation of road accessories

Step-by-step process in road construction

1) Earthwork

Processes during earthwork includes; excavation, removal of material to spoil, filling, Compacting, construction and trimming.

2) Sub-grades
In highway engineering, sub-grades is the native material underneath a constructed pavement. It is also called formation level. Depending on the natural soils of the site, the sub-grades can be the natural soil itself-if it meets load bearing tests, is compacted soil, or is stabilized with activities. Sub-grades are commonly compacted before the construction of a pavement, and are sometimes stabilized by the addition of asphalt, soil cement, portland cement or lime. It is the foundation of the pavement structure, on which the sub-base is laid.

Preparation of the sub-grades for construction usually involves digging, in order to remove surface vegetation, topsoil and other unwanted material, and to create space for the upper layer of the pavement. This process is known as sub-grades formation or reduction to level. The simplest form of sub-grade formation is a 'site-strip'. This process involves the removal of all surface vegetation along with the root zone, approximately 50mm in depth. It is bad practice to construct a pavement over surface vegetation; as organic material, it will decompose, which could lead to the formation of voids in the covering layers, which could, in turn, lead to pavement settlement. The strength of a sub-grade is measured by a test known as the CBR or "California Bearing Ratio". This test involves the use of a standard plunger being forced onto a sample of the soil/sub-grade being assessed at a steady rate of 1mm per minute. The force required to achieve each 0.25mm of penetration is recorded and the results can be checked against standard tables to give a numerical value which is referred to as the CBR.

"California Bearing Ratio test

3) Sub-base
The sub-base layer is often the main load-bearing layer of a pavement. It is designed to evenly spread the load of the paving, and any traffic there on, to the sub-grade below. The sub-base is intended to prevent channelization and settlement. A finished sub-base should not deviate from the correct level by more than 10mm, and should reflect the final profile of the paving. The bedding layer above the sub-base ought to be a constant thickness to avoid differential settlement. The materials used to construct a sub-base are chosen for their inherent load-spreading capabilities when correctly laid. Two different types of material considered are: Unbound Granular Material Cement Bound Material mass concrete 50mm crusher run is the most popular, cheaper and suitable material for road because it is less rigid control of the fines and slightly softer or less competent rock.

The sub-base shall be shaped and compacted full width to 90% Proctor density in accordance and the ditch shall be cut and shaped prior to placement of the gravel base course. Density tests shall be by an independent soils laboratory and shall be performed at 200 intervals along the roadway and over any utility trenches (if they exist). Sub-base drainage such as under drains, filter fabric or other measures may be required if the presence of water in the sub-base dictates their installation to protect the integrity of the asphalt pavement and gravel base courses.

Sand replacement method

The thickness of the sub-base is depends on the future used of the road
Project Patios, Garden Paths Typical depth 75-100mm

Driveways, public footpaths

Heavy uses Highways

100-150mm
150-225mm 150mm +

As illustrates in Figure below the use of geo-fabric materials is to provide:

Separation: to prevent bedding layers disappearing into sub-bases/subgrades; to keep sub-bases from mixing into sub-grades; to minimise/prevent soilpumping

Filtration: as drainage composites or lagging to filter drains

Reinforcement: to inhibit reflective cracking in asphalt courses; strengthening of poor sub-grades

4) Wearing Course
Wearing surfaces are either paved or unpaved. Wearing course is the top layer of the road that we seen and trafficked. It needs to be fairly regular to provide a smooth ride for wheeled vehicles, although this is much more important on higher speed pavements than on residential driveways. A macadam wearing course should consist of a small, hard aggregate, usually 6mm or 10mm, in a tar or bitumen binder. compacted broken stone, now usually bound with tar or asphalt. Alternatively, an asphalt may be used; this material is also known as a sand carpet or asphalt carpet, and is prepared in a batch plant to a specified ratio, consisting of selected sands and grits mixed into an asphalt matrix, with coated chippings sprinkled over the surface and rolled (machine or hand laid, depending on area and access) into the asphalt as part of the compaction process.

The wearing course should be at least 20-25mm thick when rolled, and should not deviate from the correct level by more than 6mm. The asphalt wearing surface is usually applied in two layers: a base asphalt layer is often installed in the early stages of a development to handle construction traffic, and the smoother surface layer, which can be applied at the final stage of the whole construction. The wearing surface layer distributes weight to the underlying layers, and resists deformation from the weight of vehicles. There should be no roller marks in the finished surface.

5) Installation of road accessories

The type of road surface is dependent on economic factors and expected usage. The completed road way is finished by paving or left with a gravel or other natural surface. Safety improvements like traffic signs, crash barriers, raised pavement markers, and other forms of road surface marking are installed. Final rehabilitation after road construction is completed will include seeding, planting, watering and other activities to reinstate the area to be consistent with the untouched surrounding areas.