HANDOVER PROCESS

BSSPAR S9

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Causes
Uplink Quality Downlink Quality Uplink Level Downlink Level MS Speed Timing Advance AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO AV_RXLEV_UL_HO AV_RXLEV_DL_HO AV_MS_SPEED AV_RANGE_HO DISTANCE RAPID FIELD DROP Adjacent Cells AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) CHANNEL ADMINISTRATION DIRECTED RETRY QUALITY & INTERFERENCE LEVEL MS SPEED THRESHOLD COMPARISON

IMPERATIVE HO

Others: Intelligent Underlay Overlay Traffic Reason .

POWER BUDGET UMBRELLA PERIODIC CHECKS

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover Decision

Handover process may be triggered by Quality, field strength or distance values fall below/exceed their threshold Periodic checks Power budget HO Umbrella HO

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS Handover Priority

Handover priority 1. Uplink and downlink Interference 2. Uplink quality 3. Downlink quality 4. Uplink level 5. Downlink level 6. Distance 7. Rapid Field Drop 8. Slow moving MS 9. Better cell i.e. Periodic check (Power Budget HO or Umbrella HO) 10. PC: Lower quality/level thresholds (UL/DL) 11. PC: Upper quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover Algorithms
In all Handover cases (in imperative HO only requirement) 1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, A) A = msTxPwrMax(n) - P P = depending on MS Classmark

Except for Umbrella Handover 1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > hoLevelUmbrella(n)

The additional condition PBGT > hoMarginPBGT(n) where 2. PBGT = ((msTxPwrMax - msTxPwrMax(n)) - (AV_RXLEV_DL_HO AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)) - (btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR)) 2.

A > hoMarginLev/Qual(n) where A = (AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) - AV_RXLEV_DL_HO)-(btsTxPwrMax BTS_TXPWR)

If enableHoMarginLevQual = Y

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS Target Cell Selection (1/2)

Best candidates to RR Management: Only for Adjacent intra BSC HO max 16 cells under the same BSC as the source cell inter BSC HO numberOfPreferredCells Cell of the same BSC Load check of Candidates by btsLoadThreshold (0..100%) 1. If overloaded priority decreased by hoLoadFactor (0...7)

2.

Comparison of priorities of Candidates (hoLevelPriority (0..7)) If two or more Adjacent cells with equal priorities

3. -> Ranking based on radio properties

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Target Cell Selection (2/2)
All cells have equal priority cell Rx_Level 1. Load hoLoadFactor 2. Priority New Priority 3. Rx_Level => cell list a -75 overl. 1 3 2 -75 c , a ,b b -80 overl. 1 3 2 -80 c -83 n.overl. 1. 1 3 2. 3 One cell has higher priority because of some reason cell Rx_Level Load hoLoadFactor Priority New Priority a -75 n./overl. 2 4 4/2 -75 b -80 n.overl. 1 3 3 c -83 n.overl. 1 3 3

3. Rx_Level => cell list => cell list

-80/-80 -83

a,b,c (if cell a is not overload) b,c,a

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Power Budget Handover (1/2)
Trigger Priority and Load Periodic Check ( hoPeriodPBGT ) Candidate Selection Equation 1 & 2 used Considered Performed ONLY between cells of the same "Layer" if: umbrella HO is enabled in inter-band HO case

Parameter hoPeriodPBGT enablePwrBudgetHandover rxLevMinCell(n) msTxPwrMax(n) hoMarginPBGT(n)

165 NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Value 1 ... 63 (SACCH Period) Y/N HOC -110 -47 dBm 5 43 dBm ADJC -24 63 dB

HANDOVER PROCESS
Power Budget Handover (2/2)
Equations 1 and 2 are used Serving Cell: Best Adjacent Cell:

AV_RXLEV_DL_HO = -90 dBm AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) = -80 dBm msTxPwrMax = 33 dBm (= 2W) rxLevMinCell(n) = -99 dBm btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm (= 2W) W) btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 W) BTS_TX_PWR = 42 dBm = (16 W) AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, msTxPwrMax(n) - msTxPwrMax) 1. hoMarginPBGT(n) => 6 dB -80 dBm > -99 dBm + (33 dBm - 33 dBm) = -99 dBm

2. PBGT = ((msTxPwrMax- msTxPwrMax(n)) - (AV_RXLEV_DL_HO AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)) - (btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR) PBGT = ((33dBm-33dBm)-(-90 - -80)-(42dBm-42dBm) = 10 dB 10 dB > 6 dB OK !!!!

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Level (1/2)
Trigger Threshold Comparison ( hoThresholdsLevUL/DL (px - nx) ) Candidate Selection Equation 1 used Equation 2 used if enableHoMarginLevQual = N Equation 2' with hoMarginLev used if enableHoMarginLevQual = Y Priority and Load Considered Parameter hoThresholdLevUL/DL px nx rxLevMinCell(n) msTxPwrMax(n) hoMarginLev(n)
167 NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Value -110 -47 1 32 1 32 -110 -47 dBm 5 43 dBm -24 24 dB

HOC

ADJC

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Level (2/2)

Equations 1 and 2 are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set Yes

hoMarginLev = 4 dB Trigger for Handover due to Level A Threshold -95 dBm B => Cell B is not selected as candidate for HO due to level since 2dB < 4 dB (Lev) 2 dB

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Quality (1/2)
Trigger Threshold Comparison ( hoThresholdsQualUL/DL (px - nx) ) Candidate Selection Equation 1 used Equation 2 used if enableHoMarginLevQual = N Equation 2' with hoMarginQual used if enableHoMarginLevQual = Y Priority and Load Considered Parameter hoThresholdQualUL/DL px nx rxLevMinCell(n) msTxPwrMax(n) hoMarginQual(n)
169 NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Value 07 1 32 1 32

HOC

-110 -47 dBm 5 43 dBm ADJC -24 24 dB

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Quality (2/2)

Equations 1 and 2 are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set Yes

hoMarginQual = 0 dB Trigger for Handover HO due to Quality A 2 dB B

=> Cell B is selected as potential candidate for HO due to Quality since 2 dB > 0 dB

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Trigger : Threshold Comparison Threshold Comparison for Quality ( hoThresholdsQualUL/DL (px - nx) ) Threshold Comparison for Level ( hoThresholdsInterferenceUL/DL (px nx) ) Candidate Selection Priority for InterCell / Intracell HO selected at BSC independently for UL / DL Priority InterCell HO Quality HO if any candidate If not IntraCell HO Priority IntraCell HO Parameter hoThresholdInterferenceUL/DL px nx enableIntraHoInterfUL/DL hoPreferenceOrderInterfUL/DL Value -110 -47 1 32 1 32 Y/N

Handover due to Interference (1/2)

HOC

INTER / INTRA BSC BSC

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Handover due to Interference (2/2)
Equations 1 and 2 are used if parameter enableHandoverMarginQual is set Yes

hoThresholdQual =4 hoThresholdInterferenceDL = -85 dBm hoPreferenceOrderInterfDL = intra

Trigger for Handover due to Interference

Threshold (Interference Lev) -85 dBm

A B 0

- Field strength higher than threshold - Bad quality => interference => intra cell handover !!

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Umbrella Handover (1/2)
Trigger Periodic Check ( hoPeriodUmbrella ) Candidate Selection Equation 1' used Consistency between mobile classmark and target cell power constraints Priority and Load Considered Multi-Layered Network
Example GSM MS class 4 (33 dBm) gsmMacrocellThreshold = 35 dBm gsmMicrocellThreshold = 33 dBm msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm hoLevUmbrella = -85 dBm hoThresholdLevDL = -90 dBm Umbrella Handover A -85 dBm -90 dBm B Umbrella Handover Handover due to Level Macro cell Handover due to Level

Micro cell

6 dB

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Umbrella Handover (2/2)
Max power capability of MS >= gsmMacrocellThreshold

HO allowed only to a macrocell ( MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) >= gsmMacrocellThreshold )

gsmMicrocellThreshold < Max power capability of MS < gsmMacrocellThreshold
HO only to middle size cell ( gsmMicrocellThreshold < MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) < gsmMacrocellThreshold )

Max power capability of MS <= gsm MicrocellThreshold HO allowed only to microcell ( MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) <= gsmMicrocellThreshold ) Parameter Value

enableUmbrellaHandover hoPeriodUmbrella hoLevelUmbrella gsmMicrocellThreshold gsmMacrocellThreshold

174 NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Y/N 0 63 (SACCH) HOC -110 -47 5 43 5 43

BSC

HANDOVER PROCESS
Combined Umbrella & Power Budget
When enablePowerBudgetHo = Yes & enableUmbrellaHo = Yes

Power Budget Handover to cells of the same layer

Umbrella Handover to cells of different layer Based on gsmMacrocellThreshold, gsmMicrocellThreshold,

msTxPwrMax, msTxPwrMax(n), AdjacentCellLayer

MS classmark
m acrocells
UM B RR PBGT um brella HO radio reason HO power budget HO

PBGT,RR UM B,RR PBGT,RR m icrocells

175 NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

UM B,RR

HANDOVER PROCESS
Adjacent Cell Layer Definition
Three layers visible to serving cell To be used in Fast moving MS handling in macro cell HOs based on MS speed (BSS6) Power budget HO when combined with Umbrella Supports multilayer networks
upper layer (macro) Parameter adjacentCellLayer

same layer (serving layer)

lower layer (micro)

N (not in use)
176 NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
Multi-Layer Network Slow Moving MS in Microcells Problem : Determine the MS speed Direct MS to correct Layer Fast Moving MS in Macrocells Methods (Nokia specific) Fast moving MS handling (S5) MS speed detection (S6)

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed : Fast Moving MS Handling
Fast Moving MS Handling in macro layer # of measurements received from adjacent microcells slow or fast moving MS
Macro cells parameters for each adjacent micro cell: fastMovingThreshold 0 .. 255 rxLevMinCell hoLevelUmbrella Counter for each adjacent micro cell +2 measurement and over rxLevMinCell -1 no meas. or bad level Target cell selection based on adjacent cell RX_LEVEL and on hoLevelUmbrella BSC

micro macro as serving cell

178 NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
FMMS Example
macrocells time t hoLevelUmbrella = -85 dBm

measured signal strength RxMinCell = -95 dBm

HO

HO
FMT Threshold=40

microcells

time t

FMT Counter

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
FMMS Example
macrocells
time t hoLevelUmbrella = -85 dBm RxMinCell = -85 dBm measured signal strength HO HO

microcells FMT Threshold=40

time t FMT Counter

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed : MS Speed Detection (1/3)
BTS detects the MS speed by using crossing rate algorithm BTS supports measurement of MS speed Call is on non-hopping TCH (no SDCCH, no Hopping TRX) BTS sends MS speed indications every SACCH multiframe period (480 msec.) Speed Indications are not valid if ( * ) UL DTX was used during the SACCH period ( ** ) MS was changing output power during the SACCH period

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed : MS Speed Detection (2/3)

BSC Averages MS speed indications

Window Size is msSpeedAveraging ( pre processing in BTS ) Result is AV_MS_SPEED BSC ignores non valid speed indications ( * , ** )

AV_MS_SPEED is compared with Thresholds

LowerSpeedLimit UpperSpeedLimit px and nx are in common

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed : MS Speed Detection (3/3)
LowerSpeedLimit : Enables identification / triggers handover for slow-moving MS UpperSpeedLimit : Enables identification / triggers handover for fast-moving MS Target Cell Selection Fast-moving to upper / Slow-moving to lower layer adjacent cells Equation 1' used Priority considered

Parameter msSpeedAveraging lowerSpeedLimit upperSpeedLimit msSpeedThresholdNx msSpeedThresholdPx adjCellLayer hoLevelUmbrella

183 NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

0 means "Not Used"

Value
HOC

1 ... 32 (SACCH Period) 0 255 0 255 1 32 1 32

HOC

N / Same / Upper / Lower -110 ... -47 dBm ADJC

HANDOVER PROCESS
MS Speed
Combination of Fast Moving MS Handling (BSC) and MS Speed Detection (BTS)
macrocell with RF hopping

fast MSs

BTS

BSC

BSS6/MS speed

BSS5/Fast MS

Adjacent cell measurements meas_res HO&PC algorithm BTS Crossing rate algorithm

slow MSs

microcell(s) , no RF hopping

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover

Handover considered to be imperative: Handover due to Distance Order to empty a cell ( from O&M ) Directed Retry and IDR Rapid Field Drop

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover: Distance
Distance Process Distance Process ---> msDistanceBehaviour (0,1..60,255) in BSC 0 : Release immediately 1 - 60 : Release after certain time 1 - 60 s, try handover during that time 255 : No release, only imperative Handover attempt

Parameters
enableMsDistanceProcess msDistanceHoThresholdParam px nx msDistanceBehaviour

Value
Y/N 0 63 1 32 1 32 0, 1 60, 255

HOC BSC

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover: Rapid Field Drop (1/2)
Trigger Threshold Comparison ( ThresholdRapidLevUl (px) )

Rx_Lev_UL (Not averaged / Only UL)

Candidate Selection Only Chained adjacent cell Equation 1 only / no priority Multi-Layered Network

MS Serving Cell

Chained Cell

Parameter hoThresholdLevULforRapidFieldDrop hoThresholdRapidLevU1N chainedAdjacentCell

187 NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Value -110 ... -47 dBm 0 ... 32 HOC Y/N

ADJC

HANDOVER PROCESS
Imperative Handover: Rapid Field Drop (2/2)
Serving Cell MS Chained Cell

Example hoThresholdRapidLevUl = - 93 dBm hoThresholdRapidLevUlN (px) = 2 Serving Cell chainedAdjacentCell = Yes

-93 dBm 1st Rapid Field Drop Handover

.
. 2nd

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Enhanced Rapid Field Drop (1/3)
In case of DDE (Deep Dropping Edge), the averaging window
sizes and power budget period are reduced level downlink window size level uplink window size adjacent cell averaging window size handover period power budget

Signal Level

A MS moves away from cell site, the signal is dropping gradually

Signal Level

MS moves away from cell site, the signal is dropping gradually MS turns a corner, the signal drops faster than moving in straight line

A MS turns a corner, the signal drops rapidly

Figure 7 Signal Strength of a Fast Moving MS

Time

Figure 8 Signal Strength of a Slow Moving MS

Time

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Enhanced Rapid Field Drop (2/3)
Parameter erfdEnabled ddeThresholdLev Nx Px ddeWindow modifiedAveWinNcell modifiedNOZ erfdOver Value DIS, UL, DL or UDL 0 63 dB 1 32 1 32 1 32 SACCH 1 32 1 32 1 64 sec
HOC

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
Enhanced Rapid Field Drop (3/3)
Example ddeWindow = 3 SACCH (n = 3)

ddeThresholdLev = 10dB, px = 2 and nx =3

the BSC compares the most recent measurement sample 8 (multiframe k) with the measurement sample 5 (multiframe k-n).
Sample Signal level 1 -71 dBm 2 -68 dBm 3 -70 dBm 4 -71 dBm 5 -69 dBm 6 -70 dBm 7 -75 dBm 8 -83 dBm

DDE_LEVEL = RXLEV(k- ddeWindow) RXLEV(k) = -69 dBm (-83 dBm) = 14 dB

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Advanced Multilayer Handling

Three features concept
Intelligent underlay-overlay AMH 1 AMH 2 GSM/super Handover

Multilayer handling AMH 3

Load

PBGTm Penalty IUO

MCN

>80
<50

0
-

60
-

Yes

Yes

GSM1800/micro

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

AMH 1:
BSC Initiated TRHO benefits (1/2)
Network wide load can be smoothed out by reducing power budget
margins between heavy loaded and less loaded cells => more trunking efficiency => more capacity Capacity of the regular layer can be released and performance of IUO is increased => Quality + capacity Ping-pong handovers are avoided due to AMH penalty system => quality

Handover

+0 dB

+4dB

+6 dB

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

AMH 1:
BSC Initiated TRHO benefits (2/2)
New algorithm: 1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > TRHO_TARGET_LEVEL(n) + Max(0, (MS_TXPWR_MAX_CELL(n)-P)) 2.PBGT (n) > AmhTrhoPbgtMArgin and PBGT(n) < HOMArginPBGT

Parameters AmhTrhoPbgtMargin

Values -24dBm..+24dBm, N
HOC

AmhUpperLoadThreshold AmhMaxLoadOfTgtCell amhTrhoGuardTime

0100% 0100% 0120 sec

BSC

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

AMH 2:
IUO Load Control benefits
During a very light load, only regular frequencies are used. Thus
additional handovers are avoided => increases quality
If Traffic load < AmhLowerLoadThreshold then IUO HO and Direct Access to Super TRX (BSC) NOT ENABLED

super-reuse TRX

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

AMH 3:
Multilayer Load Control benefits
Avoid additional handovers between different layers => quality
In the night time, when the load is very small, and the speed of the MSs can be very fast, the MSs can be kept in the macro cell layer => quality
If Traffic load < AmhLowerLoadThreshold NOT ENABLED

then FMMS, MsSpeedDetection, Umbrella Hos

GSM/macro

DCS/micro

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

AMH 2 and AMH 3

Parameters

Parameters AmhTrafficControlIUO AmhTrafficControlMCN

Values Y/N Y/N

HOC

AmhLowerLoadThreshold

0100%

BSC

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

HANDOVER PROCESS
C/I Based Handover Candidate Evaluation
Designed to estimate the level of the potential interference for each handover candidate. The purpose is to direct the mobile station to a cell which can provide interference free service at the current location of the MS

Enabled by usedC/IEstimationMethod
Each Adjacent Cell can have up to 5 "reference cell" Real source of interference or just reference Parameter usedC/IEstimationMethod Value AVE (Average taking method) MAX (Maximum taking method) NONE (C/I estimation not used) HOC

LAC1-5 CI1-5 L1-5 W1-5

202 NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00

Location area code of reference cell 1-5 0 ... 65535 ADJC Cell identification of reference cell 1-5 0 ... 65535 Level adjustment for reference cell 1-5 - 63 ... 63 dB C/I estimation weight parameter for reference cell 1-5 0 ... 10

HANDOVER PROCESS
C/I Based Handover Candidate Evaluation
C/I is calculated for the handover priorityAdjStepforBand1 >= LowerC/ILimit1 candidates priorityAdjStepforBand2 >= LowerC/ILimit2 Averaged over the reference cells . . (Average) priorityAdjStepforBand6 >= LowerC/ILimit6 priorityAdjStepforBand7 >= LowerC/ILimit7 By taking the worst interferer (Maximum) C/I is compared to 7 user-defined bands Priority of the Cell is incremented of the quantity associated to the band -8 Eliminates the Adjacent Cell from the candidates list Parameter
lowerC/ILimit

Value L1 (Lower C/I limit for band 1) L2 (Lower C/I limit for band 2) L6 (Lower C/I limit for band 6) -128 ... 127 dB -128 ... 127 dB
HOC

-128 ... 127 dB

priorityAdjStepforBand1-7

P1 (Priority adj. for band 1) P2 (Priority adj. for band 2) P7 (Priority adj. for band 7)

-8 ... 7 -8 ... 7
-8 ... 7
HOC

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NOKIA 2000 BSSPARS9 Jun 00