SUBMITTED BY:ANKITA SHARMA MAHESHWARI GUPTA SHOEB AHMAD

INTRODUCTION
A pre-stressed concrete member is a member of concrete in which internal stresses are introduced in a planned manner, so that

stresses resulting from the super imposed loads

counteracted to a desired degree. Concrete has a high compressive strength compared to its very low tensile strength. Prestressed decreases diagonal tensile stresses. This has led to adopt modified and T sections in which there is a sustainable deduction in web area. To get the maximum advantage of prestressed concrete members , it is necessary to use high strength concrete and high tensile steel wires.
Anchor A mechanical device for locking of a stressed tendon in position Tendon A high strength steel strand or bar for prestressing concrete Abutment A structure for anchoring the reinforcing tendons in the pre- tensioning of a concrete member Jacking force The tensile force exerted temporarily by a jacking the pre-stressing of a concrete member

NEED OF PRE-STRESSING
To offset the deficiency of tensile strength in concrete, steel reinforcement is
provided near the bottom of simple beams to carry the tensile stresses. ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 1. Durability As this technique eliminates weakness of concrete in tension, such members remain free from cracks; hence can resist the effects of impact, shock, and reversal of stresses more efficiently than R.C.C. structure. They provide reliable long-term performance in extremely harsh conditions that could destroy lesser materials. They are resistant to deterioration from weather extremes, chemical attack, fire, accidental damage and the determined efforts of vandals. Winter construction can proceed with few weather delays as pre-cast components are Prefabricated in heated plants.

2. ADAPTABILITY Pre-cast pre-stressed concrete products can be designed and manufactured for any application, ranging in size from short span bridges to some of the largest projects in the world. Permits pre-cast manufacturers to vastly expand the design variety possible using pre-cast components. the inherent plasticity of concrete permits to create pre-cast components in shapes and sizes, which would be prohibitively expensive using other materials 3. FIRE RESISTANT Pre-stressed concrete bridges are not easily damaged by fire. Have excellent fire resistance, low maintenance costs, elegance, high corrosion resistance, etc. 4. FAST AND EASY CONSTRUCTION Pre-cast concrete components lend themselves to fast construction schedules. Pre-cast manufacturing can proceed while site preparation is underway. Pre-cast units can be delivered to the jobsite and installed the moment they are needed in any weather. Fast construction means earlier completion and the resulting cost savings. Saves the cost of shuttering and centring for large structures.

5. AESTHETICS

Pre-cast components can be delivered with a wide range of shapes and finishes
ranging from smooth dense structural units to any number of architectural treatments. Strikingly rich and varied surface textures and treatments can be achieved by

exposing colure sands, aggregates, cements and colourings agents using

sandblasting and chemical retarders. custom form liners can be used to introduce reveals, patterns and other architectural effects.

Stone, tile brick and other materials can be cast into pre-cast panels at the
factory,enabling designers to achieve the expensive look of masonry.

DISADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Although pre-stressing has many advantages, there are still some drawbacks
of this process. The unit cost of high strength materials being used is higher as mostly high tensile steel is used.

extra initial cost is incurred due to use of pre-stressing equipment and its
installation. extra labour and transportation cost for pre-stressing is also there. pre-stressing is uneconomical for short spans and light loads.

Principles of pre-stressing : Large pre-stressing force are applied to the member by the tendons, high bearing stresses are developed at the ends by the anchoring devices. The anchorages are generally designed to be meant for use only for high strength concrete work. Busting stresses liable to at the ends of the beam cannot be satisfactorily resisted by low strength concrete work. When stress transfer to concrete has to take place by bond action, the concrete should have a high strength concrete. Shrinkage cracks will be very little when high strength concrete is used. Due to the high modules of elasticity of high strength concrete, the elastic and creep strain are very small resulting in smaller loss of pre-stress in all steel reinforcement.

There are many ways of classifying prestressed concrete members based on the method of design, construction and application of pre-stress. These are explained below : A. EXTERNALLY AND INTERNALLY PRESTRESSED MEMBERS : A member can be prestressed either by external reaction offered by rigid abutments or by tensioned tendon. The former is called external prestressing and the latter is called internal prestressing. In the external prestressing instead of providing a tendon from which the prestress can be applied , the necessary prestressing force can be applied by compressing the members by jacking against abutments. This method is difficult to be adopted , though this principle is adopted in the case of arches. It is also found that shrinkage and creep of concrete are likely to effect the initially applied prestress.
B. LINEAR OR CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING:

The term circular prestressing is applied to prestressing circular structure like cylindrical tanks and pipes in this case the tenders are provided in the form of Rings Linear prestressing is a term applied to prestressing straight members like beams and slabs.

C.

PRE-TENSIONING AND POST TENSIONING

Pre-tensioned membersIn these, the tendons are tensioned even before casting the concrete. One end of the reinforcement (i.e. tendon) is secured to an abutment while the other end of the reinforcement is pulled by using a jack and this end is then fixed to another abutment. The concrete is now poured. After the concrete has cured and hardened, the ends of the reinforcement are released from the abutments. The reinforcement which tends to resume its original length will compress the concrete surrounding it by bond action. The prestress is thus transmitted to Concrete entirely by the action of bond between the reinforcement and the surrounding concrete.

POST TENSION MEMBER It is one in which the reinforcement is tensioned after the concrete has fully hardened. The beam is first cast leaving ducts for placing the tendons. The ducts are made in a number of ways - by leaving corrugated steel tube in the concrete, by providing steel spirals, sheet metal tubing, rubber have or any other duct forming unit in the form work. When the concrete has hardened and developed its strength, the tendon is passed through the duct. One end is provided with an anchor and is fixed to one end of the member. Now, the other end of the tendon is pulled by a jack which is butting against the end of the member. The jack simultaneously pulls the tendon and compresses the concrete. After the tendon is subjected to the desired stress, the end of the tendon is also properly anchored to the concrete. To avoid crushing of concrete due to excessive bearing stress, a distribution plate is provided at each end.

SYSTEMS OF POST- TENSIONING

1. THE FREYSSlNET SYSTEM
High tension steel wires 5 mm to 8 mm diameter about 12 in number are arranged to form a group into a cable with a spiral spring inside. The spiral spring provides proper clearance between the wires and thus provides a channel which can be cement grouted. It further assists to transfer the reaction to concrete. The whole thing is enclosed in thin metal steel. The anchorage consists of a good quality concrete cylinder and is provided with corrugations on the outside. It has a central conical hole and is provided with heavy hoop reinforcement. The conical plugs are pushed into the conical holes after cables are tightened. The central hole passing axially through the plug permits cement grout to be injected through it. In this way the space between the wires will be filled with the grout. This provides additional restraint against the slipping of the tendons.

ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM (i) Securing the wires is not expensive.

(ii) The desired stretching force is obtained quickly.

(iii) The plugs may be left in the concrete and they do not project beyond the ends of the member.

DISADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM

(i) All the wires of a cable are stretched together. Hence the stresses in the wires may not be exactly the same. (ii) The greatest stretching force applied to a cable is from 250 KN to 500 kN. This may not be sufficient. (iii) The jacks used are heavy and expensive.

3. GIFFORD UDALL SYSTEM This method offers the following three methods of prestressing: First method

This is earliest of the three methods of this system. In this method the wires are stressed and anchored one by one in a separate cylinder using small wedging grips called udall grips. Each grip consists of two-half cones. The bearing plate bears against a thrust ring which is cast into the concrete. The duct end is encircled by a helix. Anchorages are supplied to suit cables of 2, 4, 6 and 12 wires.

Second method In this method, the wires are anchored by wedges which fit directly into tapered recesses made in the bearing plate. The bearing plate bears against a tube unit containing the tube unit and the helix. This tube unit is cast into the concrete. Anchorages are supplied for cables of 8 to 12 wires. This arrangement is compact and minimizes the congestion of the steel wires in anchor block.

4. P.S.C. MONOWIRE SYSTEM In this system also the wires are tensioned individually. The anchorage consists of a single piece collet sleeve wedging in a conical hole. A steel truncated guide leads each wire from the cable to the anchorage point along a gentle curvature. In addition to the guide a central block is also provided to anchor the central wires.

MONOWIRE SYSTEM

5. ELECTRICAL PRESTRESSING
This is a method of post tensioning without the use of jacks introduced by Bittner and Carlson, Steel bars are provided with a coating of sulphur, before they are embedded in concrete. After the hardening of concrete electric current of low voltage and high amperage is used to heat the bars to a temperature of 1700 C. As the bars expand longitudinally, the nuts on the projecting ends are tightened against heavy washers. As the temperature falls, the prestress is developed in the bars and the bond is again restored by the resolidification of the sulphur coating.

LOSS OF PRE-STRESS

A reduction in initial pre-stress resulting from the combined effect of creep, shrinkage or elastic shortening of the concrete, relaxation of the reinforcing steel, frictional losses resulting from the curvature of the draped tendons and slippage at the anchorage.
The steel wires of a pre-stressed concrete member do not retain all the preliminary pre-stress .

The initial pre-stress in concrete undergoes a gradual reduction with time from the stage of transfer due to various causes. A loss of pre-stress will affect the stress distribution on the section of the member.

The loss of pre-stressed takes place due to many causes. In general these can be classified as: Loss of pre-stress during the tensioning process Loss of pre-stress at the anchoring stage. Losses occurring subsequently

PRE-TENSIONING
Elastic deformation of concrete

POST-TENSIONING
No loss due to elastic deformation if all the wires are simultaneously tensioned. If the wires are successively tensioned there will be loss of pre-stress due to elastic deformation of concrete 1.Relaxation of stress in steel 2.Shrinkage of concrete 3.Creep of concrete 4.Friction 5.Anchorage slip

Relaxation of stress in steel Shrinkage of concrete Creep of concrete

 In addition there may be losses of pre-stress due to sudden changes in temperature, especially in steam curing of pre- tensioned units. The rise in temperature causes a partial transfer of pre-stress (due to elongation of the tendons b/w adjacent units in the long line process) which may cause a large amount of creep if the concrete is not properly cured.

LOSS OF PRE-STRESS DURING THE TENSIONING PROCESS DUE TO FRICTION

Friction in the jacking and anchoring system and on the walls of the duct where the wires fan out at the anchorage with the result, the actual stress in the tendons is less than what is indicated by the pressure gauge. The losses due to friction in the jack and at the anchorage are different for different system of pre-stressing. This loss due to friction may be classified into: Loss Due To Length Effect The extent of friction met with in a straight tendon due to slight imperfection of the duct (the straight tendon). Hence the cable will touch the duct or concrete, wobbing effect, or wave effect

 Loss due to curvature effect

In the case of curved ducts, the loss of pre-stress depends upon the radius of curvature of the duct and the coefficient of friction between the duct surface and the tendons.
LOSS OF PRESTRESS AT THE ANCHORING STAGE This loss is due to the fact that the anchorage fixtures themselves are subjected to a stretch. It is also possible that the friction wedges holding the wires the wires may slip a little The necessary additional elongation may be provided for at the time of tensioning to compensate for this loss. LOSS OF PRESTRESS OCCURIING SUBSEQUENTLY The loss which occur subsequently to pre-stress are: Loss Of Stress Due To Shrinkage Of Concrete: Contraction of concrete due to chemical changes and drying. This depends only on the interval of time and the moisture conditions, but is independent of the stresses in the members due to loads

Uses These tanks are used in portable water treatment and distribution system, wastewater collection and treatment system and storm water management. They are also used in a variety of commercial applications including thermal energy storage, LNG containments, large industrial process tanks and large bulk storage tanks. Water Pre-stressed concrete is the most efficient material for water tanks and coupled with the circular shape, eliminates all stress conditions. By placing the steel of the pre-stressed strands in tension and the concrete in compression, both materials are in an ideal states and the loads are uniformly distributed around the tank circumference. PROPERTIES Low maintenance can be enjoyed throughout the life as these are built with concrete, durable material that never corrodes and does not require coatings when in contact with water or the environment.

 Pre-stressing counteracts the differential temperature and dryness loads that a tank core wall experience. The tank walls are wet on the inside and dry on outside and the temperature varies between the two sides. If not properly accounted for, these moisture and temperature differential will cause a tank wall to bend and crack. Counteract these force in both the vertical and horizontal direction and diminish subsequently the cracking and leaking
Tanks are very ductile, enabling to withstand seismic forces and varying water backfill.

Tanks utilize material efficiently steel in tension, concrete in compression

Pre-cast tanks can store or treat anything from potable water to hazardous waste to solid storage bins. Storage capacities can range from 0.4 to 120 mega liters Diameters of the tank can vary upto 90 m