ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

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PERSONALITY-INTRODUCTION
It is a combination of various extrinsic and intrinsic features. According to Stephen.P.Robbins, Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.

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INTRODUCTION
Heredity

Determinants of Personality

Situation

Environment

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PERSONALITY THEORIES
Type Theory

Social Learning Theory

PERSONALITY THEORIES

Trait Theory

Humani stic Theory

Psycho analytic Theory

According to Type Theory, Personality is classified based on the physique. In the 1940's, William Herbert Sheldon associated body types with human temperament types He split up these body/personality types into three categories:

TYPE THEORY

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Endomorphic
The Endomorph is physically "round". They have wide hips and narrow shoulders that give a pearshape. They tend to have a lot of extra fat on their body and on their arms and thighs. They have skinny ankles and wrists that make the rest of their body look even bigger. The characteristic traits of this somatotype usually includes being relaxed, tolerant, comfortable, and sociable. Psychologically, they are also funloving, good humored, eventempered, and they love food and affection.

Ectomorphic
An ectomorph is the complete opposite of the Endomorph. Physically, they have narrow shoulders, thin legs and arms, little fat on the body, a narrow face and a narrow chest. They may eat just as much as the endomorph but never seem to gain any weight. They always stay skinny. Personality wise, they tend to be self- conscious, socially anxious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. They always keep to themselves and are a afraid to branch out.

Mesomorphic
The mesomorph is in between the endomorph and thin ectomorph. Physically, they tend to have a large head and broad shoulders with a narrow waist. They have a strong muscular body and strong arms and legs and little fat on the body. They work for the body they have so that they could have an attractive body. Psychologically, the mesomorph is adventurous and courageous. They are not afraid to break out and do new things with new people. They are assertive

TRAIT Theory 6 of 55 According to Trait Theory understand individuals by breaking down behavior patterns into observable traits.

Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional stability Openness to experience

Gregarious, assertive, sociable Cooperative, warm, agreeable Hardworking, organized, dependable Calm, self-confident, cool Creative, curious, cultured

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Psychoanalytic Theory
According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements. Which work together to create complex human behaviors.

Id
- Unconscious

Ego - unconscious, preconscious, conscious Superego - unconscious, preconscious, conscious

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ID
The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension.

For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met.
However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behavior would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable. According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need.

The Ego

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The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in both the conscious,preconscious, and unconscious mind. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification--the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place.

The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id's primary process.

The Superego
The last component of personality to develop is the superego.

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The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society--our sense of right and wrong.
The superego provides guidelines for making judgments. According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five. There are two parts of the superego: The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviors. These behaviors include those which are approved of by parental and other authority figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and accomplishment. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse.

The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behavior. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious.

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Social Learning Theory

According to Social Learning Theory ,we understand individuals by breaking down behavior patterns into observable traits. Personality emerges from the mutual interactions of individuals, their actions, and their environments. Modeling:The social-learning process by which behavior is observed and imitated Locus of Control: The expectancy that ones reinforcements are generally controlled by internal or external factors Self-Efficacy: The belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors required to produce a desired outcome 11

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Humanistic Theory
According to Personality Theory, People are the conscious architects of their own personality through free choice/action (Self Theory) Emphasizes human ability to derive self-concept The Self as an Individual Ones values and relationship with others

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Carl Rogers The Self Theory

Congruence A consistency between self concept and ones experiences Self-esteem definitely needed a belief in ones self/selfrespect Human nature is optimistic Person-centered therapy Get in touch with your genuine feelings and act on them

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