Dump trucks

Mansoor Azam Qureshi NUST Islamabad

Hauling Equipment
The transportation of excavation, or hauling, is one of

the biggest jobs done in earth moving. A wide range of equipment is available for transporting excavated material, including dump trucks, wagons , scrapers, conveyor belts, and trains. Of these forms of hauling equipment, trucks and wagons are most widely used.
Trucks are hauling units that provide relatively low

hauling costs because of their high travel speeds. The weight capacity of a truck may limit the volume of the load that a unit can haul.

ump Trucks

Dump Trucks methods

Rigid Frame Dump Trucks Articulated Dump Trucks Bottom Dump Trucks and Trailers

!lassification of ump Trucks

The method of dumping the load-rear-dump, bottom-dump, side-

dump
The type of frame-rigid-frame or articulated The size and type of engine-gasoline, diesel, butane, or propane. The kind of dri e-t!o-!heel, four-!heel, or si"-!heel The number of !heels and a"les, and the arrangement of dri ing

!heels
The class of material hauled-earth, rock, coal, or ore The capacity-gra imetric #tons$ or olumetric #cubic yards$

Payloads
The allo!able hauling load, or payload, of a dump truck or !agon is usually

e"pressed in three !ays%

The rated capacity in pounds #kilograms$, &ts struck capacity in cubic yards #meters$, and &ts heaped capacity #usually at a ' to & slope$ in cubic yards#meters$. !ear on the unit, the rated !eight capacity should not be e"ceeded. Because hauling normally in ol es soil in the loose

An o erload !ill result in reduced performance as !ell as increased mechanical

&f the !eight of the heaped olume of loose soil is less than the allo!able !eight

load, the body capacity may be increased by the use of sideboards.

The struck olume capacity of a hauler is not usually a go erning limit but may

be limiting in the case of hauling fluid materials such as concrete or !hen limitations on spillage are in effect.

"aulage
Haulage Cycle
Total haul unit cycle time is found by

$oading Time
The time re uired to load a haul unit may be

summing the time re uired for each of the follo!ing com"onents of the haul cycle#
$oad%at the e&ca'ator and loader Haul%from the loader to the unloading site (um"%at the unloading site) including

estimated by a""lying the a""ro"riate one of the follo!ing e uations# Haul unit ca"acity
$oading time, %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

$oader "roduction

maneu'ering
*eturn%tra'el bac+ to the loader S"ot%mo'e into loading "osition at the

loader

No of Haulers
Cycle time for Haulage , %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $oading time

Effects of Hauler Ad antages of small units Capacity

(aneu ering fle"ibility, !hich may be an ad antage on restricted

!ork sites
)peed, can achie e higher haul and return speeds *roduction, little impact if one truck breaks do!n Balance of fleet, easy to match number of

trucks to e"ca ator

production

Disad antages
+umber, more trucks increases operational dangers in the pit, along

the haul road, and at the dump

(ore dri ers re,uired, more needed for a gi en output -oading impediment, small target for e"ca ator bucket

*ositioning time, total spotting time greater because of the number re,uired.

Effects of Hauler Capacity

Ad antages of -arger .nit
+umber, fe!er needed for a gi en output Dri ers re,uired, fe!er needed for a gi en output -oading ad antage, larger target for the e"ca ator bucket *ositioning time, fre,uency of spotting trucks is reduced

Disad antages
/ost of truck time at loading greater, especially !ith sma&l e"ca ators -oads hea ier, possible damage to the haul roads thus increasing the

cost for maintenance of the haul road

Balance of fleet, difficult to match number of trucks to e"ca ator

production
)ize, may not be permitted to haul on high!ays

Production Issues
*each of the e&ca'ator Dumping height of the

buc+et
-idth of the buc+et

Example
&f sho el production at a 0ob is 123B/45hr and truck transit time #cycle time

less load time $ is 2.3 hr, determine ho! many trucks ha ing a capacity of 673 B/4 !ould be re,uired to fully ser ice the sho el. 8o! many bank cubic yards per hour !ill be produced by this combination . Take efficiency92.:3

-oad Time9 67.35123 92.23; hr Transit Time9 2.3 hr Truck /ycle time9 2.3 < 2.23; 92.33; hr +o of Trucks re,uired9 2.33;52.23; 9 62.1 ="pected production 9 62 " 67.3 " 2.:3#efficiency$ For 66 trucks

9 6'1.:3 B/4 9 123"2.:3 9 ''> B/4

Example
Rear-dump trucks !ith specifications as follo!s are used to haul sandy clay

!aste material. The performance chart sho!n in Fig. is alid for these trucks.
Truck /apacity +et !eight empty *ayload @ross ehicle !eight -oader capacity 9 1-cy . The haul route length9 1-mile do!nhill grade of 6A. /ondition of route 9 *oorly maintained earth track. Dump time !ill a erage ' min due to e"pected congestion. /ycle time of loader9'2 sec. .nit !eight of )andy clay 9 ',632 &b5cy. =fficiency estimate for this !ork is a 32-min hour

)tuck, 6;.: cy 8eaped, '% 6, 6?.1 cy 9 17,?72 &b 9 ;;,222 &b 9 ?2,?72 lb

Solution
Ca"acity of loader, .&/ fill factor 01.1 Truc+ ca"acity

, ... lcy , 12.. lcy

No of buc+ets to load truc+ , 12..3... , 4.4 $oad time/ 4 buc+ets0 , 4&56 sec

, 166 sec or 1.77 min 8olume/40 ,4&... Chec+ load !eight , 17.4 lcy , 17.4&5146 ,.4694 lbs: 99666 lbs o+

Solution
/apacity of loader9 1"# fill factor $6.6 Truck capacity

9 1.1 lcy 9 6?.1 lcy

+o of buckets to load truck 9 6?.151.1 9 3.3 -oad time# 3 buckets$ 9 3"'2 sec

9 622 sec or 6.77 min Bolume#3$ 93"1.1 /heck load !eight 9 67.3 lcy 9 67.3"'632 9132;3 lbsC ;;222 lbs is ok
-oad time#7 buckets $ 9 7"'2572

9 ' min Bolume#7$97"1.1 /heck !eight 96>.? not more than 6?.1 lcy 9 6?.1"'632 9 1>1;3 lbsC;;222 lbs is ok

Solution
8aul Time
Rolling resistance9 622 to 6;2 lbs5ton #table$. .sing a erage alue of 6'2 lbs5ton &n gradient96'25'2 9 7A grade @rade resistance of track9 -6A Total resistance9 3A
Deight and )peed# use ehicle performance chart$

8aul time#3$9 1"72567 966.'3 min 8aul Time#7$91"72561 961.?3 min

Rolling Resistance

Behicle *erformance /hart

Solution
Return Time
Rolling Resistance9 6'2 lbs5ton or 7A @rade resistance Total resistance 9 6A 9 :A

Deight of empty truck 9 17?72 lbs )peed of Truck 9 ''mph Return Time 9 1"725'' 9 ?.6? min

Dump Time 9 ' min Truck /ycle Time

Solution
+umber of Trucks re,uired

*roduction

*rod#3,61$967.3"61"725'1.2>933: lcy5hr *rod#3,6;$967.3"7256.77 93>7 lcy5hr *rod#7,61$96?.1"61"725'7.2193;? lcy5hr

-oad 3 bucket in truck and use 6; trucks to get ma"imum

output of 3>7 lcy5hr

*roduction achie able93>7"32572

9 ;>: lcy5hr