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Micro-bit test
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Mud
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instantaneous initial pressure in the crack itself is close to zero, i.e. the penetration rate is now a function of absolute wellbore pressure.
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Switch to mud
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d ROP
2 b
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480 RPM 4WOB MSE 2 2 d b ROP d b 1. Bit torque is not a function of borehole pressures. 2. Penetration rates generally increase with decreasing borehole pressures. 3. MSE are therefore, usually lower at lower borehole pressures
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Example
Contact area is 30 feet long and 0.25 ft wide Pressure differential is 300 psid The coefficient of friction is 0.3 The force to free the pipe (in excess of string weight) is 30 x 0.25 x 300 x 0.3 x 144 = 97,200 lbf Note equation 3.5 in text is incorrect
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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
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Temporary overbalance
Can be intentional to:
kill well for trips, transmit MWD surveys, log the well, completion and WO operations
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Temporary overbalance
Can be unintentional:
Slug flow or liquid holdup causing fluctuations in annular pressure High fluid pressures across the face of diamond and TSP bits Near wellbore production reduces the formation pressure near the face of the wellbore
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Temporary overbalance
Can be unintentional:
Varying pore pressure along the wellbore Excessive surge pressures Equipment malfunctions or procedural errors
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Spontaneous Imbibition
Due to capillary effects - even if drilling underbalanced The underbalance pressure necessary to prevent water from being drawn from an aqueous drilling fluid into the formation will depend on the initial formation water saturation and the pore sizes
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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
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Gravity-induced invasion
Can occur during UBD in the formation produces from natural fractures or vugs
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Wellbore glazing
UBD can result in high wellbore temperatures due to the friction between the rotating drillstring and the borehole wall. This can cause a thin low permeability glazed zone
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Post-drilling damage
Due to:
Killing the well for completion Cementing Mobilization of fines during production Liquid coning in gas reservoir
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Mechanical degradation
Rock around the wellbore experiences a concentration of in-situ stresses due to drilling the well. As the wellbore pressure is lowered, the effective stresses increase, resulting in a decrease in porosity and available flow channels leading to reduced permeability
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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
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Earlier Production
With the necessary equipment on location during UBD operations, produced fluids can go to sales. Open-hole completions are sometimes performed. If the well is drilled and completed underbalanced, wells from depleated reservoirs will not need swabbing.
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Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
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Environmental Benefits
Closed loop systems produce less wasted drilling fluids
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