is flow within the boundary walls.

TYPES OF FLOW
Internal flow
Types of internal flow include pipe flow, channel flow, airflow in ducts. This
type of flow is controlled using valves, fans, pumps.
is flow outside of a boundary or body.
External flow
Examples of this type of flow include :
flow around immersed bodies
flow over aircraft wings,
airflow around buildings/cars
in general all fluids flow three-dimensionally, with pressures and velocities
and other flow properties varying in all directions.
In many cases the greatest changes only occur in two directions or even
only in one.
other direction can be effectively ignored, making analysis much more
simple.
Flow is one dimensional if the flow parameters (such as V, P, d) at a given instant in
time only vary in the direction of flow and not across the cross-section
An example of one-dimensional flow is the flow in a pipe.
ONE DIMENSION FLOW
Possibly - but it is only
necessary if very high accuracy
is required.

A correction factor is then
usually applied.
ONE DIMENSION FLOW
FOR real fluid, flow must be zero at the pipe wall - yet non-zero in the centre
there is a difference of parameters across the cross-section.
Should this be treated as two-
dimensional flow?
LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW.
Fluid flow at low velocities is smooth with the fluid particles moving
in straight lines along the direction of flow (LAMINER).

The majority of flows in practice are TURBULENT with no uniform
motion at the local level but an average velocity in the direction of
flow.
A typical velocity profile across a pipe
FLUID FLOW BASIC
It is a known fact said that
the fluid continuously and permanently deformed
under shear stress

while solid exhibits a finite deformation which does not
change with time.

It is also said that liquid cannot return to their original
state after the deformation.
Differences between solids and fluids:
States of Matter
Fluid
Solid
Shear Stress t
a fluid, such as water or air, deforms
continuously when acted on by shearing
stresses of any magnitude.
- Munson, Young, Okiishi
The fluids like water or oil, flow on the surface in the form of layers
with the top layer moving at the fastest speed and the bottom layer
moving at slowest speed.

Why the speed of the flow of fluid reduces.

Because there is RESISTANCE to the flow of the fluid, which is
cause by FRICTION of the adjoining layers.
This property of the fluids is called as viscosity.
FLUID FLOW & VISCOSITY
Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow
and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction.
Viscosity of water
Water at 20 C has a viscosity of 1.0020 cP (centipoise)

1 P = 0.1 Pas,
1 cP = 1 mPas = 0.001 Pas.

Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity

1 St = 1 cm
2
s
1
= 10
4
m
2
s
1
.
1 cSt = 1 mm
2
s
1
= 10
6
m
2
s
1
.

Fluid Deformation between Parallel Plates
Side view
Force F causes the top plate to have velocity U.
What other parameters control how much force is
required to get a desired velocity?
Distance between plates (b)
Area of plates (A)
F
b
U
Viscosity!
the velocity of the upper layer of the fluid is faster than the velocity of the lower layers of the fluid.
Shear Stress
change in velocity with
repect to distance
A
F
= t
(

2
m
N
b
U
t =
b
U
dy
du
t =
b
AU
F =
AU
Fb
=
(

2
m
s N
(

s
1
Tangential stress
Rate of deformation
rate of shear
F
b
U
dy
du
Shear Stress
b
AU
F =
b
U
A
F
AU
Fb
= =
(

2
m
s N
F
b
U
Absolute Viscosity
Shear stess
(dyne/cm
2
)
Shear strain rate
(s
-1
)
Dyne-s/cm
2
=P (poise)

1000mPa.S 1000cP P 10 Pa.s = = =
Dyne-s/cm
2
=g-s/cm=P=10
3
cP
P 10 10g.s.cm
100cm
1000g.s
m
kg.s
m
s kg.m.s
Pa.s
m
s N
1
1
2
-2
2
= = = = = =
(

Shear Stress
b
AU
F =
F
b
U
s m
kg
m
s
s
m kg
.
.
.
m
s N
2 2 2
= =
(

Kinematic Viscosity
density
viscosity absolute
= =

u
| |
(

=
2
s
m kg
N
1 2
3
m
kg
s m
k

=
(

= s m
g
u
Stoke
s
cm
/cm s - dyne
s/cm dyne
2
4 2
2
= =

= =

u
ssds
Fluid classification by response to shear stress
Newtonian fluid
a fluid whose stress versus strain rate curve is
linear and passes through the origin
The constant of proportionality is known as the viscosity.
FLUID CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISCOSITY
2) Real fluid:
In practice all the fluids are real fluids because all of them have viscosity, small
or high.
For the real fluids which are liquids the viscosity reduces as the temperature
increases and for the gases, the viscosity increases as the temperature
increases.
1) Ideal Fluid
The fluid which is incompressible and has no viscosity is known as the ideal fluid.
However, the ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid, because all the fluids have
viscosity and there is no fluid that doesnt have viscosity (see the fig below)
3) Newtonian fluid:
Is a real fluid that obeys Newtons law of viscosity : the shear stress between
various layers of the fluid is proportional to the rate of shear strain or the
velocity gradient. Fluids, such as water and most gases which have a constant
viscosity.

4) Non-Newtonian fluid:
Is a real fluids that do not obey the Newtons law of viscosity.
In such fluids the shear stress between the various layers of fluid is not
proportional to the rate of shear strain or the velocity gradient.

5) Ideal plastic fluid:
The fluid in which the shear stress is more than the yield value and shear stress
is proportional to the rate of shear strain or velocity gradient is known as ideal
plastic fluid.
Bingham plastic fluids
The viscosity curve does not go through the origin.
It behaves as a solid at low stresses but
It flows as a viscous fluid at high stresses.

at a small shear rate (beginning of move), the shear stress can be substantial
But once the fluid is moving, the shear stress is directly proportional to shear
rate in exactly the same manner as for Newtonian fluids.

Fluid behave in this manner are :
Water suspensions of rock particles
More familiarly,, a suspension of potatoes in a liquid,
flow in the bowl when you stir, flow harder when you stir harder,
and assume a mountain peak shape if undisturbed.
Non- Newtonian Fluids:
Shear thickening:
viscosity increases with the rate of shear.
Non- Newtonian Fluids:
Pseudoplastic fluids (soo doe plastic)

Shear thinning:
The viscosity of this pseudoplastic fluids decreases with increased shearing.
Shear thinning liquids are very commonly, but misleadingly, described as
thixotropic.

Molten polymers have this characteristic, which is used to advantage in
injection molding when the material flows through small cross section
gates. Paper pulp suspensions also display pseudoplastic viscosity behavior.
for these fluids, the shear stress changes with time of shearing.

Thixotropic Fluids
the viscosity decreases at higher shearing rates and become less viscous
over time when shaken, agitated, or otherwise stressed.

Mayonnaise has this characteristic. its viscosity decreases with higher rates of shearing, but only
after a minimum amount of shear is reached. This behavior is related to breaking bonds between
particles or molecules or to changes from the at-rest shape to moving shape of long molecules


Rheopectic:
materials which become more viscous over time when shaken, agitated, or otherwise stressed.

A magnetorheological fluid
is a type of "smart fluid" which, when subjected to a magnetic field,
greatly increases its apparent viscosity, to the point of becoming a
viscoelastic solid.
Shear Time Dependent Fluids
1) Liquids: As the temperature of the liquid fluid increases its
viscosity decreases.

In the liquids the cohesive forces between the molecules
predominates the molecular momentum transfer between the
molecules, mainly because the molecules are closely packed
(liquids have lesser volume than gases. The cohesive forces are maximum in
solids so the molecules are even more closely packed in them)
When the liquid is heated the cohesive forces between the
molecules reduce thus the forces of attraction between
molecules reduce, which eventually reduces the viscosity of
the liquids.
Effect of Temperature on Liquid and Gas Fluids

Where:
- Viscosity of the liquid at t degree Celsius n poise

o
Viscosity of the fluid at 0
o
Celsius in poise
, are the constants
For liquids: =
o
/ (1 + t + t
2
)
The absolute, or dynamic viscosity of water depends
on the temperature
Temperature
- t -
(
o
C)
Dynamic Viscosity
- -
(N s/m
2
) x 10
3

Kinematic Viscosity
- -
(m
2
/s) x 10
-6

0 1.787 1.787
5 1.519 1.519
10 1.307 1.307
20 1.002 1.004
30 0.798 0.801
40 0.653 0.658
50 0.547 0.553
60 0.467 0.475
70 0.404 0.413
80 0.355 0.365
90 0.315 0.326
100 0.282 0.29
Effect of Temperature on Liquid and Gas Fluids
Fundamental mechanisms
Liquids - cohesion and momentum transfer
Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
Relatively independent of pressure
(incompressible)

Gases - transfer of molecular momentum
Viscosity __________ as temperature increases.
Viscosity __________ as pressure increases.
increases
increases
In gases there is opposite phenomenon. The viscosity of the
gases increases as the temperature of the gas increases. The
reason behind this is again the movement of the molecules and
the forces between them.
In the gases the cohesive forces between the molecules is lesser,
while molecular momentum transfer is high. As the temperature
of the gas is increased the molecular momentum transfer rate
increases further which increases the viscosity of the gas.

For gases: =
o
+ t + t
2

Effect temp on Gases:
VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT
Ostwald viscometers measure the viscosity of a
fluid with a known density.
GLASS CAPILLARY VISCOMETERS
P = Pressure difference across capiller
R = Radius of capiller
L = Length od capiller
V = Volume fluida
u = Viscosity
LV
t
8
Pr
4
t
u =
ASTM D445
SIMPLE VISCOMETER :A CALIBRATED HOLE IN THE BOTTOM.
2
1
t
x V
D z g
o

A
A
=
128
4
t

) (
Ax
Az
x Q
D z g
o
A
A
=
128
4
t

) (
V
t k =
(Poiseuille Eq.)
t k = u
u =
cP = fluid density X cSt
0.02m
0.1m D=1mm
=1050kg/m
3
2
1
F
V
z z g = +
2
2
2
1 2
) (
F z z g = ) (
1 2
x Q
D z g
o
A
A
=
128
4
t

) (
PENGUKURAN VISKOSITAS
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
o

= + + A )
2
(
2

4
0
128
. .
D
x Q
P
F
t

A =
A
=
x A
V2 diabaikan untuk laminer
z A
4
( )
128. .
o
g z D
waktu
Vol x
t

A
=
A
2 1
4
0
128
( ) . . g z z Q x
D

t
= A
H.Newton
F
d
is the frictional force (acting on the interface between the fluid and the particle (in N),
is the dynamic viscosity (N s/m
2
),
R is the radius of the spherical object (in m), and
v
s
is the particle's settling velocity (in m/s).

Stokes' law
v
s
is the particles' settling velocity (m/s)
(vertically downwards if
p
>
f
, upwards if
p
<
f
),
g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s
2
),

p
is the mass density of the particles (kg/m
3
), and

f
is the mass density of the fluid (kg/m
3
).

If the particles are falling in the viscous fluid by their own weight due to gravity, then a
terminal velocity, also known as the settling velocity, is reached when this frictional force
combined with the buoyant force exactly balance the gravitational force
Falling sphere viscometers
b
AU
F =
Co-axial cylinder viscometer
Example: Measure the viscosity of water
The inner cylinder is 10 cm in diameter and rotates at 10 rpm.
The fluid layer is 2 mm thick and 10 cm high. The power
required to turn the inner cylinder is 50x10
-6
watts. What is the
dynamic viscosity of the fluid?
Outer
cylinder
Thin layer of water
Inner
cylinder
Solution Scheme
Restate the goal
Identify the given parameters and represent
the parameters using symbols
Outline your solution including the equations
describing the physical constraints and any
simplifying assumptions
Solve for the unknown symbolically
Substitute numerical values with units and do
the arithmetic
Check your units!
Check the reasonableness of your answer
Solution
Viscosity Measurement: Solution
h r
Pt
3 2
2te
=
2 3 -
3 2
6 -
s/m N 1.16x10
m) (0.1 m) (0.05 (1.047/s) 2
m) (0.002 W) 10 (50
= =
t

x
t
AU
F =
= U
= A
t
h r
F
2
2te
=
= P
t
h r
P
3 2
2te
=
Outer
cylinder
Thin layer of water
Inner
cylinder
r = 5 cm
t = 2 mm
h = 10 cm
P = 50 x 10
-6
W
10 rpm
er
2trh
Fer
Outline the solution
Restate the goal
Identify the given parameters and
represent the parameters using symbols
Outline your solution including the
equations describing the physical
constraints and any simplifying
assumptions

2 3 -
s/m N 1.16x10 =
A rotating disk viscometer has a radius, R = 50 mm, and a clearance,
h = 1 mm, as shown in the figure.

a. If the torque (T) required to rotate the disk at n = 900 rpm is 0.537 Nm,
determine the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. You may neglect the viscous forces
acting on the rim of the disk and on the vertical shaft.
b. If the uncertainty in each parameter is 1%, determine the uncertainty in the
viscosity.
PERS. KONTINUITAS
HUKUM KEKEKALAN MASSA
PERSAMAAN NERACA
Input + Generation Output Consumption = Accumulation.
PERSAMAAN NERACA
= Deposits Account -penalties
- withdrawal + Interest
rate
savings
imigration + born - emigration -death = City population
THE CONSERVATION OF MASS
Matter cannot be created or destroyed - (it is simply changed in to a
different form of matter
Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per unit time +
Increase of mass in the control volume per unit time
air
Natural gas
Exhaust Gas
System boundary
No accumulation
gas stove
Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per unit time
MASS CONSERVATION LAW ON
A STEADY FLOW PROCESS
inflow equals outflow
2 2 2 1 1 1
v A v A m = =

CONTINUITY EQUATION
(STEADY STATE, one dimension)

Accumulation = 0
Rate of mass entering = Rate of mass leaving

2
Example
Water flows through a 4.0 cm diameter pipe at 5 cm/s.
The pipe then narrows downstream and has a diameter of of 2.0 cm.
What is the velocity of the water through the smaller pipe?
1 1
2
2
2
1
2
2 2 1 1
4v v
r
r
v
v A v A
= =
=
= 20 cm/s
Flow through a pipe of changing diameter
If pipe 1 diameter = 50mm, mean velocity 2m/s, pipe 2 diameter
40mm takes 30% of total discharge and pipe 3 diameter 60mm. What
are the values of discharge and mean velocity in each pipe?
Example
to determine the velocities in pipes coming from a junction.
Faucet :
Explain this phenomenon
using the equation of
continuity
A
1

A
2

V
1

V
2

A1V1=A2V2.
as it falls down, A will be
decreased.
on the other hand V will be
increased because of gravity.
therefore, this phenomenon is
appropriate for the equation for
continuity.
22
A stream of water gets narrower as it falls from a faucet (try it & see)
steady flow
is the type of flow in which the various parameters at any point do
not change with time.
0
, ,
=
|
.
|

\
|
z y x
dt
d
unsteady or non-steady
is a flow which changes with time.
Real flows are generally the latter type
but in completing flow assessments
it is often more practical
to assume steady flow conditions.

0
, ,
=
|
.
|

\
|
z y x
dt
d
out in
sys
m m
dt
dM
=
|
.
|

\
|
UNSTEADY FLOW
SATU DIMENSI,
Example :
A tank is filled with water flow rate q
f
and flowing out q. Find height
of the level of the surface .
dt
M d
m m
o i
) (
=
dt
Ah d
q q
o o i i
) (
=
dt
Ah d
q q
o f i
) (
=
q q
dt
Ah d
f
=
) (
) (
1 ) (
q q
A dt
h d
f
=
Solution
BERNOULLI EQUATION
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

What is Bernoulli equation

Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy.

This states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of mechanical energy (kinetic energy and potential
energy, pressure energy) in a fluid along a streamline is the same (remain constant) at all points
on that streamline.
This equation assumes no energy losses (e.g. from friction) or energy
gains (e.g. from a pump) along the streamline.
Bernoulli equation has some restrictions in its applicability, they are:
Flow is steady;
Density is constant (which also means the fluid is incompressible);
Friction losses are negligible.
The equation relates the states at 2 points along a single streamline, (not
conditions on two different streamlines).
BERNOULLI EQUATION OF SPECIAL CASE
It can be expanded to include these simply, by adding the appropriate
energy terms:
Loss
Work done
Heat
supply
BERNOULLI DERIVED FROM
THERMODYNAMICS OR ENERGY
BALANCE
Energy form
Kinetic energy is the energy in moving objects or mass.
Potential energy is any form of stored energy of position
The gravitational potential energy
Objects have mechanical energy if they are in motion
and/or if they are at some position relative to a zero
potential
The internal energy the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the
particles that form the system
the internal energy of the system is still proportional to its
temperature.
Heating cooling jacket
Volume-changing
piston
ENERGY BALANCE (TERMODYNAMICS)
Work
Propeler
Fluida
Internal Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetics Energy
Heat
Volume work
(

+ + )
2
(
2
V
gz u
dt
dQ
dt
dW
other
dt
dW
injection
dt
dm
m
in
=
out
dm
m
dt
=
Mechanical work
Internal Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetics Energy
Energy is conserved;
Energy can be transferred from the system to its surroundings, or vice versa,
but it can't be created or destroyed
Accumulation = Flow in - Flow out
out
dQ
=
(

+ +
sys
V
gz u m d )
2
(
2
out out
dm
V
gz u )
2
(
2
+ +
Heating cooling jacket Volume-changing
piston
( )
other out
dW
in in
dm
V
gz u )
2
(
2
+ +
in
dQ + ( )
other in
dW +
in in
dm Pv ) ( +
out out
dm Pv ) (
Accumulation = Flow in - Flow out
dQ +
=
(

+ +
sys
V
gz u m d )
2
(
2
out out
dm
V
gz u )
2
(
2
+ +
Heating cooling jacket Volume-changing
piston
other
dW
in in
dm
V
gz u )
2
(
2
+ + in in
dm Pv ) ( +
out out
dm Pv ) (
out in
dQ dQ dQ =
in out other
dW dW dW =
The sign convention for w is
decreases when the system does
work on its surroundings.
in in
sys
dm Pv
V
gz u m d ) ( )
2
(
2
=
(

+ +
INJECTION WORK
in in
sys
dm
V
gz u
V
gz u m d )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + =
(

+ +
in in
sys
dm
V
gz Pv u
V
gz u m d )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + + =
(

+ +
Step 1
Step 2
INJECTION WORK
W=PV
beginning
Piston move
Constant pressure
Change of energy in step 1
Piston move back
Change of energy in step 2
Change of energy in step 1 and 2
in in
sys
dm
V
gz Pv u
V
gz u m d )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + + =
(

+ +
other out out
dW dQ dm
V
gz Pv u + + + + )
2
(
2
in in
sys
dm
V
gz h
V
gz u m d )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + =
(

+ +
ENTALPY
other out out
dW dQ dm
V
gz h + + + )
2
(
2
ENERGY BALANCE
?
ADIABATIC THROTTLE
TURBIN & COMPRESOR

SIMPLE HEATER
Steady state flow,
SIMPLE REACTOR
Steady state flow,
ENERGY BALANCE IN PROSES SYSTEM?
in in
sys
dm
V
gz h
V
gz u m d )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + =
(

+ +
other out out
dW dQ dm
V
gz h + + + )
2
(
2
In many applications of Bernoulli's equation, the change in the g z term
along the streamline is so small compared with the other terms it can be
ignored, and omitted. T
horizontal
ENERGY BALANCE for THROTTLE PROSES
in in
sys
dm
V
gz h
V
gz u m d )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + =
(

+ +
other out out
dW dQ dm
V
gz h + + + )
2
(
2
out out in in
dm h dm h =
P1
P2
ADIABATIC THROTTLE
Steady flow
Adiabatic
work=0
V1=V2
ENERGY BALANCE for TURBIN/COMPRESSOR
in in
sys
dm
V
gz h
V
gz u m d )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + =
(

+ +
other out out
dW dQ dm
V
gz h + + + )
2
(
2


TURBIN & COMPRESSOR
out in
o a
h h
dm
dW
=
.
Steady flow
Elevation difference is neglected
Q is neglected
Kinetic energy diff is neglected
ENERGY BALANCE for Heater
in in
sys
dm
V
gz h
V
gz u m d )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + =
(

+ +
other out out
dW dQ dm
V
gz h + + + )
2
(
2
in out
h h
dm
dQ
=
SIMPLE HEATER Steady flow
Flowing horizontally.
V is neglected
Work =0
in in
sys
dm
V
gz h
V
gz u m d )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + =
(

+ +
other out out
dW dQ dm
V
gz h + + + )
2
(
2
SIMPLE REACTOR
tan reac product
h h
dm
dQ
=
out out in in
dm h dm h dQ + =
ENERGY BALANCE for SIMPLE REACTOR
Steady flow
Flowing horizontally.
V is neglected
Work =0
Bottle Filling Problem
in in sys
dm h mu d = ) (
UNSTEADY STATE SYSTEM
UNSTEADY STATE SYSTEM
in in
sys
dm
V
gz h
V
gz u m d )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + =
(

+ +
other out out
dW dQ dm
V
gz h + + + )
2
(
2
in in sys
dm h mu d = ) (
Q=0
Bottle Filling Problem
Steady flow
Flowing horizontally.
V is neglected
Work =0
in in
sys
dm
V
gz
P
u
V
gz u m d ) ( ) (
2 2
2 2
+ + + =
(

+ +

other out out

dW dQ dm
V
gz
P
u + + + + ) (
2
2

1. Electrostatic, magnetic, and surface energy are

negligible
2. The content of the system are uniform
3. The inflow and outflow streams are uniform
4. The acceleration of gravity is constant
ENERGY BALANCE
FOR A STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
) (

P
u h + =
in in
sys
dm
V
gz h
V
gz u m d )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + =
(

+ +
other out out
dW dQ dm
V
gz h + + + )
2
(
2
in in
sys
dm
V
gz
P
u
V
gz u m d ) ( ) (
2 2
2 2
+ + + =
(

+ +

BERNOULLI
|
.
|

\
|
A

= + + A
dm
dQ
u
dm
dW V
gz
P
other
) (
2
2

Steady
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

other out out

dW dQ dm
V
gz
P
u + + + + ) (
2
2

ENERGY BALANCE
|
.
|

\
|
A
dm
dQ
u
BERNOULLI EQUATION
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

g
F
gdm
dW
g
V
z
g
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

HEAD FORM OF BERNOULLI EQUATION

SATUAN BERNOULLI
g
F
gdm
dW
g
V
z
g
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

HEAD FORM OF BERNOULLI

EQUATION
z g
P
A =
A

ZERO FLOW =STATIK,

F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

What is the Unit ?

Energy/massa
length
What is the unit? V=0, W=0, F=0
BERNOULLI EXAMPLE

A large bucket full of water has two drains.
One is a hole in the side of the bucket at the
bottom, and the other is a pipe coming out of
the bucket near the top, which bent is
downward such that the bottom of this pipe
even with the other hole, like in the picture
below:
Though which drain is the water spraying out
with the highest speed?
1. The hole
2. The pipe
3. Same
CORRECT
40
Note, the correct height, is where the water reaches the
atmosphere, so both are exiting at the same height!
SPEED OF FLUID
FLOW OUT OF THE TANK
Through which hole will the water come out fastest?
A
B
C
P
1
+gz
1
+ v
1
2
= P
2
+gz
2
+ v
2
2

Note:
All three holes have same P=1 Atm
1+gz
1
+ v
1
2
= 1+ gz
2
+ v
2
2

gz
1
+ v
1
2
= gz
2
+ v
2
2

Smaller y gives larger v. Hole C is fastest
36
v
2
2
= 2(gz
1
z
2
)+ v
1
2

SPEED OF FLUID
FLOW OUT OF THE TANK
Example

a) What is the discharge?
b) What must be the diameter at the exit if the absolute pressure at
the minimum area is to be 2.44m of water?
c) What would the discharge be if the divergent part of the mouth
piece were removed.
(Assume atmospheric pressure is 10m of water).
[0.0752m, 0.0266m3/s, 0.0118m3/s]
Water is discharging from a tank through a convergent-divergent
mouthpiece. The exit from the tank is rounded so that losses there
may be neglected and the minimum diameter is 0.05m.
If the head in the tank above the centre-line of the mouthpiece is
1.83m.
1
we take the datum through the orifice
Between 1 and 2
Between 1 and 3
If the mouth piece has been removed,
Example
A closed tank has an orifice 0.025m diameter in one
of its vertical sides. The tank contains oil to a depth of
0.61m above the centre of the orifice and the
pressure in the air space above the oil is maintained
at 13780 N/m2 above atmospheric. Determine the
discharge from the orifice.
(Coefficient of discharge of the orifice is 0.61, relative
density of oil is 0.9).
[0.00195 m3/s]
Example
In a vertical pipe carrying water,
pressure gauges are inserted at points A and B
where the pipe diameters are d
A
=0.15m and d
B
=0.075m respectively and
point B is 2.5m below A.
When the flow rate down the pipe is 0.02 m3/sec, the pressure at B is 14715
N/m2 greater than that at A.
Assuming the losses in the pipe between A and B can be expressed as


where v is the velocity at A, find the value of k.

If the gauges at A and B are replaced by tubes filled with water and
connected to a U-tube containing mercury of relative density 13.6, give a
sketch showing how the levels in the two limbs of the U-tube differ and
calculate the value of this difference in metres.
[k = 0.319, 0.0794m]
THE SKETCH OF PROBLEM
By continuity: Q = u
A
A
A
= u
B
A
B

Part i
Part ii
For this system,
What is he velocity at point 3 ?
40ft
10ft
1
2
3 | |
1 2
3 1 3
2 ( ) 2(32.2)(10) 25.3 / V g h h ft s = = =
(

+ = ) (
2 2
2
2
1 2
2
z z g
V
P P
2
14.7 21.6 6.9 / 47.6 lbf in kPa = =
? negatif
F
dm
dW V
gz
P
other

= + + A ) (
2
2

Applying the equation between point 1

and 3
Applying the equation between point 1 and 2
This flow is physically impossible. It is unreal
Because the siphone can never lift water more than 34 ft (10.4 m)
above the water surface
It will not flow at all
Lift a House
Calculate the net lift on a 15 m x 15 m house when a 30 m/s
wind (1.29 kg/m
3
) blows over the top.
P
1
+gy
1
+ v
1
2
= P
2
+gy
2
+ v
2
2

P
1
P
2
= (v
2
2
v
1
2
)
= (1.29) (30
2
) N / m
2

= 581 N/ m
2

48
F = P A
= 581 N/ m
2
(15 m)(15 m) = 131,000 N
= 29,000 pounds!
lift
drag
U
q
2
2
U
A C F
L L

=
p > p
0
positive pressure
DAYA ANGKAT
SAYAP PESAWAT TERBANG
Shear and Pressure Forces:
Horizontal and Vertical Components
lift
drag
U
Parallel to the approach velocity
Normal to the approach velocity
q
2
2
U
A C F
d d

=
2
2
U
A C F
L L

=
A defined as projected
area _______ to force! normal
drag
lift
p < p
0

negative pressure
p > p
0
positive pressure