Addressing The Network

Addressing the Network
– IPv4
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.
Network Fundamentals – Chapter 6 A

Compiled by Peter J. Smith
1
Objectives
 Explain the structure IP addressing and demonstrate the ability
to convert between 8-bit binary and decimal numbers.
 Given an IPv4 address, classify by type and describe how it is
used in the network
 Explain how addresses are assigned to networks by ISPs and
within networks by administrators
 Determine the network portion of the host address and explain
the role of the subnet mask in dividing networks.
 Given IPv4 addressing information and design criteria, calculate
the appropriate addressing components.

 Use common testing utilities to verify and test network
connectivity and operational status of the IP protocol stack on a
host.
2
IP addressing – works at
 OSI model layer 3
 TCP/IP model Internet layer
Application HTTP, FTP,

Data TFTP, SMTP
Presentation stream etc Application
Session
Transport Segment TCP, UDP Transport
Network Packet IP Internet

Data link Frame Ethernet,
Network Access
WAN
Physical Bits technologies
3
Addressing topics
 Binary and decimal

 Types of IP addresses
 Assigning addresses
 Network part and subnet masks
 Calculating addresses
 Ping and Traceroute Utilities
4
Binary and decimal
 Convert to 8-bit binary

 248
 187
 89
 Convert to decimal
 00110100
 01010101
 11001111
5
248 to binary
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
248 120 56 24
-128 -64 -32 -16
120 56 24 8
6
187 to binary
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
187 59 27 11 3
-128 -32 -16 -8 -2
59 27 11 3 1
7
89 to binary
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
89 25 9
-64 -16 -8
25 9 1
8
00110100 to decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
32 16 4
32
+16
52
+ 4
52
9
01010101 to decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
64 16 4 1
64
+16
85
+ 4
+ 1
85
10
11001111 to decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
128 64 8 4 2 1
128
+ 64
207
+ 8
+ 4
+ 2
+ 1
207
11
Binary and decimal
 Convert to 8-bit binary

 248 11111000
 187 10111011
 89 01011001
 Convert to decimal
 00110100 52
 01010101 85
 11001111 207
12
IPv4 address
192. 168. 21. 17

11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001
octet octet octet octet
network part host part

Prefix /24 Subnet mask:
255. 255. 255. 0
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
13
Find the network address
192. 168. 21. 17

11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001
In a network address, all the host bits are 0.

192. 168. 21. 0
11000000 10101000 00010101 00000000

The router needs to do this for every packet.
14
Logical AND
192. 168. 21. 17

11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001
255. 255. 255. 0
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
192. 168. 21. 0

11000000 10101000 00010101 00000000
Do a logical AND at each position
15
Find the broadcast address
192. 168. 21. 17

11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001
In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1.

192. 168. 21. 255
11000000 10101000 00010101 11111111

The broadcast is the last address in the network.
16
3 types of address
 Every network has:

 Network address – the first one
 Broadcast address – the last one
 Host addresses – everything in between
17
Classful addressing
A 10. 17. 53. 60
B 172. 16. 38. 201

C 192. 168. 21. 17
18
Classful addressing
 Easy to work out but very wasteful.

 Routers and hosts still assume class subnet masks by
default
 Class A /8 255.0.0.0
 Class B /16 255.255.0.0
 Class C /24 255.255.255.0
19
Classless addressing
 Any suitable prefix can be used

 We (and devices) need to know what the prefix is.
 More flexible, less wasteful.
20
Classless addressing /16
 172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0

 Broadcast address 172.16.255.255
172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254

 65534 host addresses
21
 172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0

172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254

22
 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0

172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254

23
 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.255.192
172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000
 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62

24
 172.16.0.0/28 mask 255.255.255.240
172. 16. 0. 0
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000
 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14

25
Calculating addresses
 A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24

 What is the subnet mask?
 What is the network address?
 What is the broadcast address?
 What is the range of host addresses in the network?
26
192.168.1.70/24 – fill in the table
Last octet binary Last octet Full
decimal
Host
Subnet mask
Network
Broadcast
First host
Last host
27
192.168.1.70/24
Last octet binary Last octet Full
decimal
Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70
Subnet mask 00000000 0 255.255.255.0
Network 00000000 0 192.168.1.0
Broadcast 11111111 255 192.168.1.255

First host 00000001 1 192.168.1.1
Last host 11111110 254 192.168.1.254
28

29
192.168.1.70/26 fill in the table
Last octet Last octet Full
binary decimal
Host
Subnet mask
Network
Broadcast
First host
Last host
30
192.168.1.70/26
binary decimal
Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70
Subnet mask 11000000 192 255.255.255.192
Network 01000000 64 192.168.1.64
Broadcast 01111111 127 192.168.1.127

First host 01000001 65 192.168.1.65
Last host 01111110 126 192.168.1.126
31

32
192.168.1.70/28 fill in the table
binary decimal
Host
Subnet mask
Network
Broadcast
First host
Last host
33
192.168.1.70/28
binary decimal
Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70
Subnet mask 11110000 240 255.255.255.240
Network 01000000 64 192.168.1.64
Broadcast 01001111 79 192.168.1.79

First host 01000001 65 192.168.1.65
Last host 01001110 78 192.168.1.78
34
Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast
 Unicast – a message addressed to one host

 Broadcast – a message addressed to all hosts on a
network. Uses network’s broadcast address or
255.255.255.255 locally
 Multicast – a message addressed to a group of hosts.
Uses an address starting 224 - 239
35
Private IP addresses
 Unrestricted use on private networks. Not routed across

the Internet.
 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/20)
 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/24)
36
Public IP addresses
 Routed over the Internet

 Master holder is IANA
 Assigned to regional registries and then to ISPs
 ISPs allocate them to organisations and individual
users
 Use is strictly controlled as duplicate addresses are not
allowed
37
Special addresses
 0.0.0.0 “all addresses” in default route. Hosts cannot be

given addresses starting 0.
 127.0.0.1 is loopback. Hosts cannot be given
addresses starting 127.
 240.0.0.0 and higher – reserved for experimental
purposes.
 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 local only
 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 for teaching
38
Network address translation
 A large number of hosts on a network use private

addresses to communicate with each other.
 The ISP allocates one or a few public addresses.
 NAT allows the hosts to share the public addresses
when they want to use the Internet
39
Addressing hosts
 Static addressing – address is configured by an

administrator
 Servers, printers, routers, switches need static
addresses
 Dynamic addressing – address is allocated
automatically by DHCP by leasing addresses from a
pool
 Dynamic addressing is best for workstations
40
Blocks of addresses
Use Address range Summary
Network address 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.0/25
User hosts 192.168.1.1-127
Servers 192.168.1.128 - 191 192.168.1.128/26
Peripherals 192.168.1.192 - 223 192.168.1.192/27
Network devices 192.168.1.224 - 253 192.168.1.224/27

Router 192.168.1.254
Broadcast 192.168.1.255
41
Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Last octet binary
Address 192.168.1.0 00000000
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 00000000
Borrow 1 bit from host part, give it to network part, /25

Addresses 192.168.1.0 00000000
192.168.1.128 10000000
Subnet mask 255.255.255.128 10000000
42
Borrow 2 bits from host part, give to network part, /26
Addresses 192.168.1.0 00000000
192.168.1.64 01000000
192.168.1.128 10000000
192.168.1.192 11000000
Subnet mask 255.255.255.192 11000000

43
Addresses 192.168.1.0 00000000
192.168.1.32 00100000
192.168.1.64 01000000
192.168.1.96 01100000
192.168.1.128 10000000
192.168.1.160 10100000
192.168.1.192 11000000
192.168.1.224 11100000
Subnet mask 255.255.255.224 11100000
44
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128 00000000 10000000
192.168.1.16 192.168.1.144 00010000 10010000
192.168.1.32 192.168.1.160 00100000 10100000
192.168.1.48 192.168.1.176 00110000 10110000
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.192 01000000 11000000
192.168.1.80 192.168.1.208 01010000 11010000
192.168.1.96 192.168.1.224 01100000 11100000
192.168.1.112 192.168.1.240 01110000 11110000
Subnet mask 255.255.255.240 11110000
And so on…
45
 Every time you borrow another bit you:

Double the number of subnets
Halve the size of the subnets
 Each subnet has a network address, a broadcast
address, and everything in between is a host address.
 Here are some ways of visualising the process.
46
Bits borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6
No of networks 2 4 8 16 32 64
Prefix /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30
Bit value/ network 128 64 32 16 8 4

size
No of hosts 126 62 30 14 6 2
Subnet mask 128 192 224 240 248 252
47
Address space
 Make a spreadsheet or table with numbers 0 to 255

 Link to show table
48
Subnet chart
49
Subnetting
 There are many subnet calculators, but you will not be

able to use them in exams.
 Start with the biggest subnet and work down to the
smallest.
 Make sure the subnets are valid sizes with valid subnet
masks.
 Make sure that there are no overlaps.
50
Ping and traceroute
 Ping sends an ICMP message. If all is well, the

destination replies. If not, a router may reply to say the
destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out.
 Traceroute sends a series of messages so that each
router along the path replies. You get a list of
addresses of all the routers.
51
IPv6
 Development started in 1990s because of concerns

about IPv4 addresses running out
 A whole new protocol suite – not just layer 3
 Uses 128-bit hierarchical addressing, written using
hexadecimal
 Simpler header
 Integrated security – authentication, privacy

 Quality of service mechanisms
52
Summary
53
54

Addressing The Network - IPv4 and Subnetworking (IP Adressing and Subnetting)

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Addressing The Network - IPv4 and Subnetworking (IP Adressing and Subnetting)

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 6 A

the appropriate addressing components.

Application HTTP, FTP,

Network Packet IP Internet

 Binary and decimal

 Ping and Traceroute Utilities

 Convert to 8-bit binary

 Convert to 8-bit binary

192. 168. 21. 17

octet octet octet octet

network part host part

255. 255. 255. 0

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

192. 168. 21. 17

In a network address, all the host bits are 0.

11000000 10101000 00010101 00000000

The router needs to do this for every packet.

192. 168. 21. 17

255. 255. 255. 0

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

192. 168. 21. 0

11000000 10101000 00010101 00000000

Do a logical AND at each position

192. 168. 21. 17

In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1.

11000000 10101000 00010101 11111111

The broadcast is the last address in the network.

 Every network has:

network part host part

B 172. 16. 38. 201

network part host part

C 192. 168. 21. 17

network part host part

 Easy to work out but very wasteful.

 Any suitable prefix can be used

 172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254

 172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254

 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14

 A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24

Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70

Subnet mask 00000000 0 255.255.255.0

Network 00000000 0 192.168.1.0

Broadcast 11111111 255 192.168.1.255

First host 00000001 1 192.168.1.1

Last host 11111110 254 192.168.1.254

 A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/26

Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70

Subnet mask 11000000 192 255.255.255.192

Network 01000000 64 192.168.1.64

Broadcast 01111111 127 192.168.1.127

First host 01000001 65 192.168.1.65

Last host 01111110 126 192.168.1.126