UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES DEPARTAMENT OF MODERN APPLIED LANGUAGES

AN ENGLISH-ROMANIAN TERMINOLOGY GLOSSARY ON THE DOMAIN OF: SKELETAL SYSTEM OF CATTLE

WORK COORDINATED BY: Associate Professor: Diana Ioni

CANDIDATE: Manea Raluca - Elena
Bucharest February 2012

When I decided to speak about skeletal system I thought of this magic thing-the skeleton- which is the principal point to sustain the cow body. Besides this function it has another big three main functions: locomotion, protection and deposit of mineral salts. Along with the muscular system, skeletal system prints the specific form of the animal body. Skeletal system provides protection to all the body's vital organs (brain, heart, lungs, etc.). The terminology glossary attached after the introductory part belongs to the field of veterinary medicine( skeletal sistem of cattle).

Cattle are large ruminants of the family Bovidae and the genus Bos. Ruminants are mammals whose stomach has four parts rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasums. The systematic development of cattle breeding began as a part of the industrial revolution and the renaissance of British agriculture. Cattle have provided fuel for cooking and heating, plaster for walls, manure for gardens and fields, strings for musical instruments, and clothingfrom hats to shoes

The skeletal system carries the weight and support of the body while it functions to support bone structure, shape, development and function, and to move the body. Numerous diseases and conditions can occur within a cows skeletal system if the cows immune system is weak or if the cow is malnourished. The firm frame work,or skeleton gives physical support and protection for the body and often provides surfaces for the attachment of muscles.Parts of the skeleton form limbs that serve as levers in locomotion.In such cases there is a close mutual relation of structure and function between the skeletal parts and muscles,whereby their interaction is more efficient.

The bones can be classified into five categories including long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. Long bones. These are bones that are longer than they are wide. Some of the bones of the limbs are long bones. Long bones are characterized by an elongated shaft and somewhat enlarged extremities that bear articular surfaces. Examples of long bones include the humerus, radius, femur, tibia, metacarpals, and metatarsals. Short bones. Short bones are generally cubeshaped, and examples include the carpal and tarsal bones. Flat bones. Flat bones, as the name implies, are thin and flattened. They include two plates of compact bone separated by cancellous or spongy bone. Examples include the sternum ,ribs,scapula and certain skull bones. Irregular bones. These are complex and irregularly shaped bones. Examples include the vertebrae and certain facial bones. Sesamoid bones. Sesamoid bones are small bones embedded in a tendon and resemble the shape of a sesame seed. Examples include the patella, and proximal and distal sesamoid bones of the digits.

The Cannon bone

ID LANGUAGE: EN ID COUNTRY: UK/USA SOURCE: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/calcaneum STANDARD DEFINITION: The largest of the tarsal bones, it articulates proximally with the talus and distally with the cuboid. DEFINITION SOURCE: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/calcaneum NOTA BENE: fom Latin calx heel RO EQUIVALENT: calcaneu GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun SYNONYM: calcaneus HYPERONYM: bone, os CONTEXT 1: The word calcaneus signifies a large bone that is found mainly in the feet of human beings and

many animals. The bone is the main component in the heels of human beings and in the animals the bone is the pointed part of the hock of the animal. This bone plays one of the vital roles in the movement of animal body and it is this bone that takes the weight of its body when it takes a step . CONTEXT SOURCE 1: http://www.experts123.com/q/where-is-the-calcaneus.html CONTEXT 2 : This case report describes the clinical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and histopathological findings of a six-month-old heifer, suffering from bilateral fracture of the calcaneal tuber caused by osteochondrosis. The young cattle was admitted to the clinic for the evaluation of a left hindlimb lameness, having persisted for several weeks. Orthopaedic examination revealed a highly stilted gait with a lameness of the left hind limb, so severe that the heifer was only able to put some weight on the tip of the toe. The calcaneal region on both hindlimbs showed a diffuse swelling, palpation being very painful. The radiological examination revealed a fracture of the calcaneal tuber (apophyseolysis) of both hindlimbs. CONTEXT SOURCE 2 : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12894689 USE AREA : anatomy, medicine COMMENTARY : The calcaneum is situated at the lower and back part of the foot, serving to transmit the weight of the body to the ground, and forming a strong lever for the muscles to the calf. It is irregularly cuboidal in form, having its long axis directed forwards and outwards; it presents for examination six surfaces: the superior surface, the inferior surface, the external surface, the internal surface, the anterior surface and the posterior surface.

THE CUBOID

ID LANGUAGE: EN ID COUNTRY: UK/USA SOURCE: Constantin Alexandrescu, ndreptar practic de limb englez pentru ingineri zootehniti i medici veterinari, Ceres, 1982. STANDARD DEFINTION: A tarsal bone on the outer side of the foot in front of the calcaneus and behind the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones. DEFINITION SOURCE: Constantin Alexandrescu, ndreptar practic de limba englez pentru ingineri zootehniti i medici veterinari, Ceres, 1982. NOTA BENE: from Greek kybos- cube, eidos- form RO EQUIVALENT: os cuboid GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun HYPERONYM: bone, os SYNONYM: os cuboideum CONTEXT 1: The cuboid bone is one the many bones of the foot. The cuboid bones of animals were used as the first disc in history. This was because whenever the cuboid bone, also referred to as knucklebone, was rolled it would clearly settle on one of its sides, by adding unique marking on each side todays dice is approximated. CONTEXT SOURCE 1: http://brainz.org/what-cuboid-bone/ CONTEXT 2 : The fifth distal tarsal disappears relatively early in evolution, with the remainder becoming the cuneiform and cuboid bones. CONTEXT SOURCE 2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_%28skeleton%29#In_other_animals USE AREA : medicinie, anatomy COMMENTARY : The bone of the tarsus, which, in man and most mammals, supports the metatarsals of the fourth and fifth toes. DESIGANTION STATUS: official

DORSAL VERTEBRA

ID LANGUAGE: EN ID COUNTRY: UK/USA SOURCE: Maria Moisiu, Elena Marcu, Carmen Ana Pivoda, ndrumtor de lucrri practice pentru meseria de veterinar, Ceres, 1993. STANDARD DEFINITION: One of the 13 vertebrae in the bovine vertebral column. DEFINITION SOURCE: Constantin Alexandrescu, ndreptar practic de limba englez pentru ingineri zootehniti i medici veterinari,Ceres, 1982. RO EQUIVALENT: vertebra dorsal GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun SYNONYM: thoracic vertebra HYPERONYM: vertebra CONTEXT 1:The extensive use of a limited number of elite bulls in cattle breeding can lead to rapid spread of recessively inherited disorders. A recent example is the globally distributed syndrome Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM), which is characterized by misshapen and fused vertebrae around the cervico-thoracic junction. CONTEXT SOURCE 1 : http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC1356133/reload=0;jsessionid=S8edilElsyw8BMp0Q2WP.76 CONTEXT 2 : When fracture occurs in these divisions of the spine it usually involves one or both of the last two dorsal vertebrae, and the first or first and second bone of the loins. Various causes conduce to fracture here. Violent muscular contraction at the time of being cast for a surgical operation, or during the course of its performance, is one of the most common. CONTEXT SOURCE 2: http://chestofbooks.com/animals/horses/Health-Disease-Treatment-2 USE AREA : anatomy, medicine COMMENTARY : The dorsal vertebrae are intermediate in size between those in cervical and those in the lumbar region, and increase in size from above downwards, the upper vertebrae being much smaller than those in the lower part of the region. The dorsal vertebrae may be at once recognized by the presence of one or more facets or half-facets on the sides of the body for the heads of the ribs. DESIGNATION STATUS: official

FOSSA ID LANGUAGE : EN ID COUNTRY : UK/USA SOURCE : Despina Tudor, Dicionar de medicin veterinar , 1998. STANDARD DEFINITION: In anatomical terminology, fossa has come to mean a depression or hollow, in general, in a bone. DEFINITION SOURCE: Constantin Alexandrescu, ndreptar practic de limba englez pentru ingineri zootehniti i medici veterinari, 1982. NOTA BENE: from Latin: ditch, from fossus dug up, from fodere to dig up RO EQUIVALENT: fosa GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun SYNONYM: pit HYPERONYM: concave shape, incurvature HYPONYM: glenoid fossa, glenoid cavity CONTEXT 1: The posterior fossa is a region near the base of the skull. Tumors that arise in this depression are of special concern because the posterior fossa is a small enclosed space near critical brain structures, including the brain stem, the cerebellum, and cranial nerves, and the tumors often can be much more difficult to treat because it is about animals. CONTEXT SOURCE 1: http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/bones.html CONTEXT 2 : The skull is prone to fracture at certain anatomic sites that include the thin squamous temporal and parietal bones over the temples and the sphenoid sinus, the foramen magnum, the petrous temporal ridge, and the inner parts of the sphenoid wings at the skull base. The middle cranial fossa is the weakest, with thin bones and multiple foramina. Other places prone to fracture include the cribriform plate and the roof of orbits in the anterior cranial fossa and the areas between the mastoid and dural sinuses in the posterior cranial fossa. CONTEXT SOURCE 2: http://www.cyf-medicalUSE AREA : medicine, anatomy DESIGNATION STATUS : official

FRONTAL BONE

ID LANGUAGE : EN ID COUNTRY : UK/USA SOURCE: Maria Moisiu, Elena Marcu, Carmen Ana Pivoda, ndrumtor de lucrri practice pentru meseria de veterinar, 1993. STANDARD DEFINITION: The large bone that makes up the forehead and supplies the upper edge and roof of the orbit (eye socket). DEFINITION SOURCE: http://books.google.ro/books NOTA BENE: from latin os frontale RO EQUIVALENT: os frontal GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun SYNONYM: forehead HYPERONYM: bone CONTEXT 1: The frontal bone is one of four main bones which make up the vault of the cranium of the skull, the others being the two parietal bones and the occipital bone. At birth it consists of right and left halves, joined by a suture that usually closes during infancy. CONTEXT SOURCE 1: http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/saortho/chapter_17/17mast.htm CONTEXT 2 : The frontal bone has two parts: the vertical portion, called the squama frontalis, which comprises the substance of the forehead; and the orbital or horizontal portion, called the pars orbitalis, which overhangs the orbital cavities (see orbit) in front. Separating the frontal bone and the parietals is the coronal suture. CONTEXT SOURCE 2: http://books.google.ro/books USE AREA : anatomy, medicine COMMENTARY : Frontal bone fractures These usually follow a severe blow to the forehead. A dural tear should be considered if the posterior wall of the frontal sinus is fractured. There may be tenderness, crepitus or disruption of the supraorbital rim. Look for subcutaneous emphysema and reduced sensation of supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves. Surgery is needed if the nasofrontal duct is blocked. DESIGNATION STATUS: official

HOCK

ID LANGUAGE: EN ID COUNTRY: UK/USA SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/HOCK STANDARD DEFINITION: The joint in the hind leg of a horse, cow, above the fetlock joint, corresponding anatomically to the ankle in humans. DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/HOCK NOTA BENE: from Old English hhsinu RO EQUIVALENT: glezn GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun CONTEXT 1: The movements of the hock joint itself are primarily flexion and extension around the tarsocrural joint, where the tibia rotates around the trochlea of the talus. These are the movements that we see when we view a cow from the side. When the horse flexes his hind leg, the angle at the front of the hock gets smaller; during extension, this angle increases. CONTEXT SOURCE 1: C.J.C Philips , Cattle Behaviour , Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993. CONTEXT 2 : The underside of the foot is called the plantar side, and this type of stance is called plantigrade stance. The bones of the hock are firmly anchored to the top of the cannon bone,the result being that the entire hock acts like an upward extension of the cannon bone. CONTEXT SOURCE 2: C.J.C Philips , Cattle Behaviour , Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993. USE AREA : anatomy, medicine DESIGNATION STATUS :official

LUMBAR VERTEBRA

ID LANGUAGE : EN ID COUNTRY : UK/US SOURCE: http://www.scribd.com/doc/36105129/4/OSTEOLOGIE-Studiul-Scheletului STANDARD DEFINITION: Any of the 5 vertebra in the spinal column that are situated between the lowest (12th) thoracic vertebra and the sacrum, in the lower part of the back. They are labeled L1 to L5. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest of the unfused vertebrae and have stout processes for attachment of the strong muscles of the lower back. DEFINTION SOURCE: Constantin Alexandrescu, ndreptar practic de limba englez pentru ingineri zootehniti i medici veterinari, Ceres, 1982. RO EQUIVALENT: vertebra lombar GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun HYPERONYM: vertebra CONTEXT 1: As with other vertebrae, each lumbar vertebra consists of a vertebral body and a vertebral arch. The vertebral arch, consisting of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, encloses the vertebral foramen (opening) and supports seven processes. CONTEXT SOURCE 1: Constantin Alexandrescu, ndreptar practic de limba englez pentru ingineri zootehniti i medici veterinari, Ceres, 1982. CONTEXT 2: The fifth lumbar vertebra is characterized by its body being much deeper in front than behind which accords with the prominence of the sacrovertebral articulation; by the smaller size of its spinous process; CONTEXT SOURCE 2: Constantin Alexandrescu, ndreptar practic de limba englez pentru ingineri zootehniti i medici veterinari, Ceres, 1982. USE AREA : medicine, anatomy COMMENTARY : The lumbar vertebra have two additional centres for the mammillary tubercles, which project from the back part of the superior articular processes. The transverse process of the first lumbar is sometimes developed as a separate piece, which may remain permanently unconnected with the rest of the bone, thus forming a lumbar rib- a peculiarity which is rarely met with. DESIGNATION STATUS: official

MANDIBLE

ID LANGUAGE: EN ID COUNTRY: UK/USA SOURCE: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/The_Skeleton STANDARD DEFINITION: The teeth are inserted into the upper and lower jaws .The lower jaw is known as the mandible. It forms a joint with the skull moved by strong muscles that allow an animal to chew. DEFINITION SOURCE: http://en.wikibooks.org/ NOTA BENE: from Latin mandibula RO EQUIVALENT: mandibula GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun SYNONYM: dentary bone, inferior maxillary bone HYPERONYM: jaw HYPONYM: lantern jaw CONTEXT 1: In lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods, the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. In such animals, it is referred to as the dentary bone, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. CONTEXT SOURCE 1: George H. Conn , Some Common Diseases of Cattle , 2010 CONTEXT 2 : Mandible dislocation is the displacement of the mandibular condyle from the articular groove in the temporal bone. Different types of dislocations can result from traumatic and nontraumatic processes. Most dislocations are managed and reduced in the emergency department with elective follow-up. CONTEXT SOURCE 2: George H.Conn , Some Common Diseases of Cattle , 2010 USE AREA : medicine, anatomy COMMENTARY : Actinomycotic osteomyelitis and periostitis of the mandible or maxilla are diseases of cattle caused by the Gram-positive branching filamentous microorganism Actinomyces bovis. The classical lesion, also called lumpy jaw, was described for the first time by Bollinger (1877) and more recently mentioned by Palmer (1993) and Smego and Foglia (1998). DESIGNATION STATUS: official

THE PHALANGES

ID LANGUAGE : EN ID COUNTRY : UK/USA SOURCE: http://books.google.ro/ STANDARD DEFINITION: Phalanges are rather stubby, tubular bones, with a concave proximal articulation and a convex distal articulation ,except for the last (terminal) phalanges, which may show all sorts of modifications, depending on the form of the foot of the animal. In the hoofed mammals the shape of the terminal phalanges reflects the shape of the hoof. It is crescent-shaped in cloven- hoofed species such as cattle and deer, but flattened and nearly circular in outline in horses. DEFINITION SOURCE: http://books.google.ro/ RO EQUIVALENT: falange GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun HYPERONYM: bone CONTEXT 1: The phalanges do not really have individual names. They are named for the digit they represent, their distance from the body and, in the case of the intermediate phalange, their location relative to each other. CONTEXT SOURCE 1: http://books.google.ro/ CONTEXT 2 : Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. The ossa sesamoidea phalangis proximalis in cattle are represented by small regularly shaped bones arranged in pairs for each digit. With respect to the limb axis (in cattle between the third and fourth digit) we can differentiate the axial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges of the third or fourth digit and the abaxial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanx of the third and/or fourth digit. There is a striking difference in shape between the axial sesamoid bones of the proximal phalanges and of the abaxial ones. CONTEXT SOURCE 2: http://actavet.vfu.cz/ USE AREA : anatomy, medicine DESIGNATION STATUS : official

PELVIS

ID LANGUAGE : EN ID COUNTRY : UK/USA SOURCE: http://bovine.unl.edu/bovine3D/eng/bonep.jsp STANDARD DEFINTION: The pelvic girdle comprised of the illium, ishium, and pubis. This is the largest of the the flat bones and it is situated of the hip of animal. DEFINITION SOURCE: http://bovine.unl.edu/bovine3D/eng/bonep.jsp NOTA BENE: from Latin pelvis, basin RO EQUIVALENT: pelvis GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun SYNONYM: pelvic girdle HYPERONYM: girdle CONTEXT 1: The largest and most anterior of the three parts of the pelvic girdle; is irregularly triangular and presents two surfaces, three borders, and two angles. CONTEXT SOURCE 1 : http://bovine.unl.edu/bovine3D/eng/bonep.jsp CONTEXT 2 : Thus the plane which separates it from the false pelvis is called the inlet or brim of the true pelvis. Its inferior circumference or outlet extends from the tip of the coccyx to the inferior border of the pubic symphysis, and from the one ischial tuberosity to the other. CONTEXT SOURCE 2: http://bovine.unl.edu/bovine3D/eng/bonep.jsp USE AREA : anatomy DESIGNATION STATUS : official

The glossary contains 158 entries, 79 in English and 79 in Romanian, in fact, there are 79 English terms with their Romanian correspondent. Each term is followed by a description made according to the semantic fields, in both Romanian and English. The English terms are arranged alphabetically and each term is followed by the description of its Romanian equivalent. Term creation processes and Etymology The Romanian vocabulary has adopted some terms that are very similar or quite mot-a-mot to foreign terms. In order to be able to understand and use these terms properly, the glossary provides necessary information and translations where necessary. Most medical terms originate in Latin, and this would appear to help terminologists to establish the correct meaning of a term. Most terms that were included in this glossary, both English and Romanian originate in Latin. The origins of medical terms are various but most of them derive from Latin, Greek or French. Most of the words have their origin in Latin or in Greek therefore they have almost the same form, the root word being the same for both English and Romanian words.

Bibliography Hall L.W., Clarke K.W., Veterinary Anaesthesia , Baillere, Tindal, 1983. Winfried Hofmann, Bolile vacilor, Mast, 2009. Ulrich Daniel, Cresterea vacilor, Mast, 2009. D.C.Blood, Diseases of Cattle, Saunders of Toronto Ltd, 1990. George H.Conn, Some Common Diseases of Cattle, Metcalf Press, 2010. C.J.C.Philips, Cattle Behaviour, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993. Gustave Moussu, Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Goats and Swine American Veterinary Pub. Co, 2010. Bolte s., Igna C., Chirurgie veterinara, Brumar, 1997. Curca D., Fiziopatologie, Fundatia Romania de Maine, 1995. Despina Tudor, Dictionar de medicina veterinara, Vergiliu, 1998. Constantin Alexandrescu, Indreptar practic de limba engleza pentru ingineri zootehnisti si medici veterinari, Ceres, 1982.

Webliography

http://www.ehow.com/about_6711201_skeletal-system-cow.html http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/92/08138032/081 3803292.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone http://www.musclemagfitness.com/disease-and-conditions/bonedisease/types-of-bone-disease.html http://bovine.unl.edu/bovine3D/eng/bonep.jsp http://de.dict.md/definition/sacral http://www.dictionar.1web.ro/dictionarmedicina/vertebra/ http://www.thepcrj.org/journ/vol20/20_4_459_461.pdf http://www.thebeefsite.com/articles/2362/estrus-detection-incattle http://www.answers.com/topic/mandible http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible http://www.abbey-vetgroup.co.uk/cattle.html http://www.cattletoday.info/diseases/lumpy_jaw.htm http://www.embryoplus.com/cattle_rath.html http://www.archeus.ro/lingvistica/CautareDex?query=MAXILA R