DATE

TUESDAY

THURSDAY Chapter 5,6 LONG QUIZ 1 Chapter 10

1
2 3 4 5

Nov 14
Nov 19-21 Nov 26-28 Dec 3 -5 Dec 9 10 12

Orientation
Chapter 1, 4 Q1, Q2 Chapter 7, 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 11 ( MONDAY) LONG QUIZ 2 (TUESDAY) Chapter 12

6
7 8

Dec 17-19
Jan 7-9 Jan 14 -16

ON LEAVE (TUESDAY)
Chapter 13.1 MIDTERMS

XMAS BREAK
Chapter 13.2 Chapter 14

9
10 11

Jan 21-23
Jan 28-30 Feb 4-6

Chapter 19
Chapter 21, 22 Chapter 27

Chapter 20
Chapter 24 Chapter 28

12
13 14

Feb 11-13
Feb 18-20 Feb 25-27

Chapter 29
Chapter 31 Chapter 33

LONG QUIZ 3
Chapter 32 Chapter 34

15
16 17

Mar 4-6
Mar 11-13 March 18-20

Chapter 35
Chapter 40 FINALS

Chapter 36
Chapter 41, 42
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DATE 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nov 15 Nov 20-22 Nov 27-29 Dec 4-6 Dec 11-13 Dec 16 18 20 Jan 8-10 Jan 15-17 Jan 22-24 Jan 29-31 Feb 5-7

WEDNESDAY Orientation Chapter 1 ,4 Q2 Chapter 7, 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 (MONDAY) ON LEAVE ( WEDNESDAY)

FRIDAY Q1 Chapter 5, 6

LONG QUIZ 1 Chapter 10 LONG QUIZ 2

XMAS BREAK Chapter 13.1 MIDTERMS Chapter 19 Chapter 21, 22 Chapter 27 Chapter 13.2 Chapter 14 Chapter 20 Chapter 24 Chapter 28

7 8 9 10 11

12
13 14 15 16 17

Feb 12-14
Feb 19-21 Feb 26-28 Mar 5-7 Mar 12-14 March 19-21

Chapter 29
LONG QUIZ 3 Chapter 33 Chapter 35 Chapter 40 FINALS

HOLIDAY
Chapter 31, 32 Chapter 34 Chapter 36 Chapter 41, 42
2

Biology
Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht

Chapter 1 A View of Life Lecture Outline

See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

3
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1.1 How to Define Life

Biology is the scientific study of life.

Living things:
are composed of the same chemical elements as nonliving things. obey the same physical and chemical laws that govern everything in the universe.

Diversity of Life

Despite diversity, all living things share the same basic characteristics.
5

Characteristics of Life
1. Living things are organized.
Levels of biological organization: atoms to the biosphere. Cell - basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it.
Each level acquires new emergent properties.

Levels of Biological Organization

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

oxygen Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

methane

Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

oxygen Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things

nerve cell

plant cell

methane Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

oxygen Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function nervous tissue nerve cell epidermal tissue plant cell

Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things

Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

methane

oxygen Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

the brain

leaves

Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function nervous tissue Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things nerve cell epidermal tissue plant cell

Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

methane

oxygen Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Organ System Composed of several organs working together

nervous system

shoot system

Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

the brain

leaves

Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function nervous tissue Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things epidermal tissue

nerve cell

plant cell

Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

methane

oxygen Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Organism An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems

elephant

tree

Organ System Composed of several organs working together

nervous system

shoot system

Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

the brain

leaves

Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function nervous tissue Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things nerve cell epidermal tissue plant cell

methane Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

oxygen Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Population Organisms of the same species in a particular area

Organism An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems

elephant

tree

Organ System Composed of several organs working together

nervous system

shoot system

Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

the brain

leaves

Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function nervous tissue Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things nerve cell epidermal tissue plant cell

Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

methane

oxygen Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Community Interacting populations in a particular area

Population Organisms of the same species in a particular area

Organism An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems

elephant tree

Organ System Composed of several organs working together

nervous system

shoot system

Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

leaves the brain

Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function

nervous tissue
Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things nerve cell

epidermal tissue
plant cell

Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

methane

oxygen Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ecosystem A community plus the physical environment

Community Interacting populations in a particular area

Population Organisms of the same species in a particular area

Organism An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems

elephant

tree

Organ System Composed of several organs working together

nervous system

shoot system

Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

the brain

leaves

Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function

nervous tissue
Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things

epidermal tissue plant cell

nerve cell

Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

methane

oxygen
Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Biosphere Regions of the Earths crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living things

Ecosystem A community plus the physical environment

Community Interacting populations in a particular area

Population Organisms of the same species in a particular area

Organism An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems

elephant

tree

Organ System Composed of several organs working together

nervous system

shoot system

Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task

the brain

leaves

Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function

Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things

nervous tissue nerve cell

epidermal tissue plant cell

Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

methane

Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

oxygen

Characteristics of Life
2. Living things acquire materials and energy.
Energy is the ability to do work.
Energy is required to maintain organization and conduct life-sustaining processes such as chemical reactions.
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

The sun is the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth.

Photosynthesis is a process that converts solar energy into the chemical energy of carbohydrates.

18

Acquiring Nutrients and Energy

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

food

a.

d.

e.

b.

c.

f.

a: John Warden/Purestock/SuperStock RF; b: Photodisc Blue/Getty RF; c: Charles Bush Photography; d : Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo

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Characteristics of Life
3. Living things maintain homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries.
Ability to maintain a state of biological balance Feedback systems monitor internal conditions and make adjustments.

4. Living things respond to stimuli.

Living things interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment.
The ability to respond often produces movement.
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21

Characteristics of Life
5. Living things reproduce and develop.
Living organisms reproduce to maintain a population. Manner of reproduction varies among different organisms.

During reproduction passage on copies of genetic information (genes) to the next generation.
Genes determine the characteristics of an organism.
Genes are composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
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Characteristics of Life
6. Living things have adaptations.
An adaptation is any modification that makes an organism better able to function in a particular environment. The diversity of life exists because over long periods of time, organisms respond to changing environments by developing new adaptations. Evolution is the change in a population of organisms over time to become more suited to the environment.
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1.2 Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology

The theory of evolution:
* explains the diversity and unity of life.
suggests how all living things descended from a common ancestor. Common descent with modification

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Evolutionary Tree of Life

An evolutionary tree is like a family tree. An evolutionary tree traces the ancestry of life on Earth to a common ancestor.

25

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

common ancestor (first cells)

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BACTERIA

common ancestor (first cells)

ARCHAEA

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BACTERIA

common ancestor (first cells)

ARCHAEA

cell with nucleus EUKARYA

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

BACTERIA

common ancestor (first cells)

ARCHAEA

Protists

cell with nucleus EUKARYA

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

BACTERIA

common ancestor (first cells)

ARCHAEA

Protists

Plants cell with nucleus EUKARYA Fungi

Animals

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

BACTERIA

common ancestor (first cells)

ARCHAEA

Protists

Plants cell with nucleus EUKARYA Fungi

Animals Past Time Present

Organizing Diversity
Taxonomy - branch of biology that identifies,
names, and classifies organisms.

Systematics - study of evolutionary

relationships between organisms.

Classification categories
From least inclusive category (species) to most inclusive category (domain)
Species > genus > family > order > class > phylum > kingdom > domain

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Levels of Classification

Domains
Domain Archaea
Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments
Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus.

Domain Bacteria
Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in all environments

Domain Eukarya
Contains unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes
Eukaryotes contain a membrane-bound nucleus.
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Domain Archaea
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Methanosarcina mazei, an archaean

1.6

Prokaryotic cells of various shapes Adaptations to extreme environments Absorb or chemosynthesize food Unique chemical characteristics

Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

35

Domain Bacteria
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Escherichia coli, a bacterium

1.5

A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Prokaryotic

cells of various shapes Adaptations to all environments Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food Unique chemical characteristics

36

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Domain Eukarya Fig. 1.8

Domain Eukarya: Protists 1 m Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular) Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Fungi

Absorb food Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells Amanita, a mushroom Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms

Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Plantae

Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants Photosynthe size food Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells

Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Animalia

Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells Vulpes, a red fox Ingest food

a: Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; b: Pat Pendarvis; c: Tinke Hamming/Ingram Publishing RF; d: Corbis RF

Kingdoms
Domain Archaea kingdom designations undetermined Domain Bacteria - kingdom designations undetermined Domain Eukarya
Protists (composed of several kingdoms) Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

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Scientific Names
Universal Latin-based Binomial nomenclature
Two-part name

First word is the genus - Always capitalized

Second word is the species - Written in lowercase Both words are italicized.

Examples: Homo sapiens (humans), Zea mays (corn)

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Natural Selection
Evolutionary mechanism proposed by Charles Darwin Selects which traits are more apt to be passed on to the next generation.
Favorable traits produce the greater number of offspring that survive and reproduce. Increases the frequency of those traits in population

Mutations fuel natural selection.

Introduce variations among members of a population

40

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure.

Deer prefer a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves. Plants with hairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population.

Generations later, most plants within the population have hairy leaves, as smooth leaves are selected against.

1.3 How the Biosphere Is Organized

Biosphere is the zone of air, land, and water where organisms exist. Population is all the members of a species within an area.

Community is a collection of interacting populations within the same environment. Ecosystem is community plus its physical environment.
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Ecosystems
Characterized by chemical cycling and energy flow.
Chemicals are not used up when organisms die.
Chemicals move from one population to another in a food chain.
As a result of death and decomposition, chemicals are returned to living plants.

Energy from the sun flows through plants and other members of the food chain as one population feeds on another.
Therefore, there must be a constant input of solar energy.

43

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

heat

solar energy

Chemicals Cycle and Energy Flows

heat heat

heat heat

heat

WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH, AND DECOMPOSITION

Chemical cycling Energy flow

The Human Population

Human population negative effects on Ecosystems:
- Destruction of forest or grassland for agriculture, industry - Destruction of coastal wetlands by waste and pollutants

Humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for:

Food

Medicines
Raw materials
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The Effect of Human Activities on Coral Reefs

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. Healthy coral reef

1975 Minimal coral death b.

1985 Some coral death With no fish present

1995 Coral bleaching with 2004 Coral is black from limited chance of recovery sedimentation; bleaching still evident

a: Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): Dr. Phillip Dustan

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Biodiversity
Biodiversity - total number and relative
abundance of species, the variability of their genes, and the ecosystems in which they live.

Extinction - the death of the last member of a species or larger classification category.
Note: Estimates of 400 species/day lost due to human activities

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1.4 The Process of Science

The scientific method is a standard series of steps used in gaining new knowledge through research.
The scientific method can be divided into four steps: Observation Hypothesis Experiments and Data Collection Conclusion
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The Scientific Method

1. Observation
Scientists use their senses to gather information about a phenomenon or natural event.

2. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for what was observed.

Developed through inductive reasoning

Testable
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The Scientific Method

3. Experiments and Data Collection
An experiment is a series of procedures designed to test a hypothesis. Utilizes deductive reasoning to make a prediction or expected outcome The manner in which a scientist conducts an experiment is called the experimental design. A good experimental design ensures that the scientist is examining the contribution of a specific factor called the experimental (independent) variable to the observation.
The experimental variable is the factor being tested.
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The Scientific Method

3. Experiments and Data Collection (contd)
A test group is exposed to the experimental variable. A control group goes through all aspects of the experiment but is not exposed to the experimental variable.

The data are the results of an experiment.

Should be observable and objective

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The Scientific Method

4. Conclusion
The data are analyzed and interpreted to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or not.
If prediction happens, hypothesis is supported. If not, hypothesis is rejected.

Findings are reported in scientific journals Peers review the findings Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings
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Flow Diagram of Scientific Method

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Observation New observations are made, and previous data are studied.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Observation

New observations are made, and previous data are studied.

Hypothesis Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Observation New observations are made, and previous data are studied.

Hypothesis Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement.

Experiment/Observations The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations.

Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Observation New observations are made, and previous data are studied.

Hypothesis Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement.

Experiment/Observations The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations.

Conclusion The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected.

Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Observation New observations are made, and previous data are studied.

Hypothesis

Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement.

Experiment/Observations The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations.

Conclusion The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected.

Scientific Theory Many experiments and observations support a theory.

Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Observation

New observations are made, and previous data are studied.

Hypothesis Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement.

Experiment/Observations The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations.

Conclusion
The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected.

Scientific Theory Many experiments and observations support a theory.

Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

Scientific Theory
Scientific Theory:
Concepts that join together two or more well-supported and related hypotheses Supported by broad range of observations, experiments, and data

Scientific Principle / Law:

Widely accepted set of theories

No serious challenges to validity

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Basic Theories of Biology

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61

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Control pots

Test pots

Test pots

no fertilization treatment

90 kg of nitrogen/ha

Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

20 Wheat Biomass (grams/pot)

Control Pots = no fertilization treatment Test Pots = 45 kg of nitrogen/ha = 90 kg of nitrogen/ha = Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

15

a. Control pots and test pots of three types

Test pots 45 kg of nitrogen/ha

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Using the Scientific Method: Pigeon Pea/Winter Wheat Rotation Study

year 1

year 2

year 3

b. Results (All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack

Using the Scientific Method: A Field Study

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2.0 Approaches per Minute c. Resident male attacking a male model near nest Approaches to male model

a. Scientist making observations

1.5

1.0

resident male

b. Normal mountain bluebird nesting behavior male bluebird model female mate

0.5
nest 1 nest 2

Approaches to female mate

0 nest first egg construction laid hatching of eggs

Stage of Nesting Cycle d. Observation of two experimental nests provided data for graph.

Erica S. Leeds