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The test which is done for testing the research hypothesis against the null hypothesis.
Why it is done?
To assist administrations and clinicians in making decision. The difference is real ? It is happen by chance ? Due to study design and nonsampling errors ?
steps
in doing significance
test:
Statement of the problem. Formulation of hypothesis, null and alternate Decide upon a significant level, of the test. Choose a test statistic, t, z Compare test-statistics with relevant tabulated value Make statistical decision
Research hypothesis: It is the conjecture or supposition that motivates the research. Statistical hypothesis: are hypothesis that are stated in such a way that they may be evaluated by appropriate statistical techniques.
Null Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (symbolized as H0) can be defined as the statistical hypothesis of no difference. H0 is an artificial straw man that provides a reference for examining the departure of data actually obtained from the data that would be expected under the null hypothesis. Alternate hypothesis(Ha ) : Is any other hypothesis which we are willing to accept when the H0 is rejected.
when the test is done between two sample 1 -2 =0 1 -2 0 when sample mean with a known standard =0 0 for one tailed test, Right tail,greater than 0 0
for one tailed test, Left tail, lesser than
level
of Significance
In hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis is either accepted or rejected, depending on whether the p value is above or below a predetermined cut-off point,known as the Significance level of the test, usually it is taken as 5% level.
P value
P is the probability of being wrong when H0 rejected . When the level of Significance is set at 5% and the test statistics fall in the region of rejection, then the p value must be less than 5% i.e .(p<.05). When we will accept H0 (p>.05).
Cont..
It is a number that tells us how unusual our sample results are, given that the null hypothesis is true. A p value indicating that the sample results are not likely to have occurred, if the null hypothesis is true.
Calculated value: tabulated value: for a certain degree of freedom highest value of test statistics obtainable by chance corresponding to probability of .05 or .01.
Example of t test
The average temp. of a group of 100 persons was calculated to be 98.90 with a SD of 1.10 . We wish to test this mean against the known standard of 98.60.
Important points for chi square test sample must be random data qualitative and discrete overall total is 40 or more, or overall total is between 20 and 40, and none of the four expected values is less than 5. in 2/2 table ,if the expected frequency in any cell is less than 5, needs Yates correction( subtraction of 0.5from each cell). in more than 2/2 table, test cannot be done.