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Recent Advances & Applications of Nanotechnology in Diabetes

Priya Jain*, Raghvendra Singh Dhakad,

Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, (SIPS) , Sagar 470004,(M. P.) RECENT OF DIABETES Nanoparticles ADVANCES OF
Artificial Pancreas: An artificial pancreas system is an automated, closedloop system that combines a continuous glucose monitor, an insulin infusion pump, and a glucose meter for calibrating the monitor. The devices are designed to Polymeric nanoparticles have been used as carriers of insulin. The use of biodegradable potential. polymeric These are nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery has shown work together, monitoring the body's glucose levels and automatically pumping appropriate doses of insulin as determined by a computer algorithm[21]. Development of artificial pancreas could be the permanent solution for

Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetesis a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. This

NANOPARTICLES IN THE TREATMENT

high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria Polymeric (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger)[1]. There are three main types of diabetes: . TYPES OF DIABETES

1. Type 1 diabetes

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes, IDDM, or, formerly, juvenile significant therapeutic diabetes) is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from autoimmune biodegradable polymers. destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.
Type 2 diabetes Diabetes mellitus type 2 formerly non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Diabetes is often initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary modification. NANOTECHNOLOGY can be defined as the monitoring, repairing, construction and control of human biological systems at the cellular level by using materials and structures engineered at the molecular level (Kralj and Pavelic, 2003). When applied to medicine, Nanotechnology is referred to as nanomedicine a discipline where there are promises of revolutionary opportunities to fight against many diseases (Logothetidis, 2006). Nanotechnology is likely to have a significant impact on society, and is perceived as a human affair designed to serve human purposes (Schiemann, 2005). Nanotechnology is the science of APPLICATIONS

diabetic patients. The concept of its work is simple: a Oral Insulin Administration by Using Polysaccharidessensor electrode repeatedly measures the level of blood and Polymeric Nanoparticles
Polysaccharides are natural biodegradable hydrophilic polymers, which exhibit enzymatic degradation behavior and good biocompatibility
[16].

glucose; this information feeds into a small computer that energizes an infusion pump, and the needed units of insulin enter the bloodstream from a small reservoir. Another way to restore body glucose is the use of a tiny silicon box that contains pancreatic beta cells taken from animals. The box is surrounded by a material with a very specific nanopore size (about 20 nanometers in

The development of improved the problem of daily

oral insulin administration is very essential for the treatment of diabetes mellitus to overcome subcutaneous injections.

Insulin Delivery through Inhalable Nanoparticles


Inhalable, polymeric nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been tried earlier for the treatment of tuberculosis. Such approaches can be directed toward insulin delivery through inhalable nanoparticles.

diameter).
The Nanopump
The nanopump is a powerful device and has many possible applications in the medical field. The first application of the pump, introduced by Debiotech, is Insulin delivery. The pump injects Insulin to the patient's body in a constant rate, balancing the amount of sugars in his or her blood. The pump can also administer small drug

OF

NANOTECHNOLOGY

IN

the small; the very small. It is the use and manipulation of matter DIABETES SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION doses over a long period of time. at a tiny scale. At this size, atoms and molecules work differently,Diabetes is considered to be one of the major afflictions of modern and provide a variety of surprising and interesting uses.

diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in levels via insulin introduced directly into the blood stream using RECENT ADVANCES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE which a person has high blood sugar, either injections. This unpleasant method is required since stomach acid because the body does not produce enough DETECTION OF INSULIN AND BLOOD SUGAR: A new method destroys protein-based substances such as Insulin, making oral insulin, or because cells do not respond to the that uses nanotechnology to rapidly measure minute amounts insulin consumption useless. The new system is based on inhaling insulin that is produced. This high blood sugar of insulin and blood sugar level is a major step toward the insulin (instead of injecting it) and on a controlled release of produces the classical symptoms of polyuria developing the ability to assess the health of the bodys insulin into the bloodstream (instead of manually controlling the (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) insulin-producing cells. and polyphagia (increased hunger). It is the most amount of insulin injected). common endocrine disorder and by the year 2012, Development of Oral Insulin: it is estimated that more than 200 million people By microphysiometer: worldwide will have DM and 300 million will Inhalable, polymeric nanoparticle-based drug delivery The microphysiometer is built from multiwalled carbon nanotubes, subsequently have the severe diabetic systems have been developed for the treatment of which are like several flat sheets of carbon atoms stacked and complication such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular complication and rolled into very small tubes. It can be used to detect and monitor tuberculosis. Such approaches can be directed ulceration. insulin delivery through inhalable the response of cells to a variety of chemical substances, toward
especially ligands

western society. To date, diabetic patients control their blood-sugar Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as

nanoparticles. Insulin molecules can be encapsulated within the nanoparticles and can be administered into REFERENCES the lungs by inhaling the dry powder formulation of insulin. The nanoparticles should be small enough to
1. Wild S, Roglic G, et al. "Global prevalence of diabetes: avoid clogging up the lungs but large enough to avoid estimates for 2000 and projections for 2030". Diabetes Care 27 (5): 2004; 104753. being exhaled. 2. 4. Rother KI. "Diabetes treatmentbridging the divide". The Microsphere for Oral Insulin Production: New England Journal of Medicine 356 (15): 2007; 1499 501. The most promising strategy to achieve oral insulin is the 5. Lawrence JM, Contreras R, et al. "Trends in the prevalence use of a microsphere system which is inherently a of preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus among a racially/ethnically diverse population of pregnant combination strategy. The oral drug delivery device for women, 19992005". Diabetes Care 31 (5): 2008; 899904. insulin and to protect the sensitive drug from digestive 6. Rathod B Kinjal et al. Glimpses of current advances of enzymes and proteolytic degradation in stomach and nanotechnology in therapeutics. International Journal of upper part of gastro intestinal tract . Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol 3, Issue 1, 2011. Pg No. 8-12

By implantable sensor: An implantable sensor capable of long-term monitoring of tissue glucose concentrations by wireless telemetry has been developed for eventual application in people with diabetes sensor is sensors. designed to give
[11].

The implantable

diabetes patients an

alternative to finger-sticking or short-term glucose

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