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Then:
Objects A and C are the same temperature Just the transitive property of mathematics.
Examples: What happens to these if left alone? a.) A stack of lumber in the forest. b.)Your bedroom.
Anyone know how the steam engines on trains of the 1800s worked? Please describe it?
Fire
Heat Loss?
Where does the lost heat go to? What does it do?
Talk about the steam engines on trains in the 1800s. So how efficient are engines? Efficiency is Work Out = Work Out Work In Q In
if you get 1000J of work produced going out and put 4000J of heat in, you have a 1000J/4000J = 25% efficient engine.
Jake Burkholder 2012
Fire
Heat Loss
Fire
Heat Loss
2nd Law of Thermo leads to: Machines cannot be 100% efficient which means that 1.) you cannot build a perpetual motion machine and 2.) You cannot create energy, (i.e., efficiency cannot exceed 100%)
Jake Burkholder 2012
New Idea
S is for Entropy
S = Q/T
The boundary will move, and temperatures and pressure will even out. 2 Actions: Increasing left pressure will push the boundary towards the right until pressures are the same. At the same time, the unequal temps will affect each other until they are equal.
Entropy is a measure of disorder. In this low entropy state, there will be a net force, since there is more movement to the right than to the left.
Operating principle of a steam engine. Some of the heat in the hot gas was turned into work done on the cold gas.
Question
Question
I would need to find a third gas sample at a lower temp to get more useful work. Or supply my own energy to create another temperature difference.
Entropy is a measure of how evenly spread out the energy is. Entropy is a measure of energy that is no longer useful, or workable.
Work is change in energy. It wont change anymore if its spread out evenly. (Work wont change anymore if the temperature is spread out evenly.)
The amount of work done or the efficiency of an engine is determined by the difference in the temperatures. Hotter engine and cooler water makes for a greater temperature difference and more work done. This means: 1.) more work will be generated from an engine and 2.) the engine will run more efficiently. (estimated temps.) When the temperature differences are greatest. Car Engine Metal Oil Water Air 2000F 800 F 300F 180F 70F The greater these temperature differences, the more energy from the car engines.
Discuss why cars overheat in winter or summer. Jake Burkholder 2012
Entropy is a measure of disorder. In this high entropy state, there will be no net force, since there is only random particle motion on both sides.
On the large scale, the ice looks more disordered. On the small scale, the solid phase severely limits where the molecules could be. The ice crystal molecules are much more ordered than the free moving liquid water molecules.
11 Possible macrostates
11 possible scores or states with meaningful differences. Macrostates with more microstates have a higher probability of occuring.
Since there are more disordered states than ordered states, they are inherently more repeatable. New symbol W for multiplicity W is the number of other microstates that could have the same value.
There are many more possible disordered states than ordered states, so repeatability is a sign of disorder
How many ways can you arrange bricks into a neat pile?
Not that many.
How many ways can you arrange bricks into a total mess?
A whole lot.
S = k log W
k is Boltzmanns constant
The more repeatable the state is, the more entropy there is.
Since disordered states have much higher multiplicity, the are much more likely, so nature will drive every system in that direction.
Times Arrow
Which came first?
Conservation of energy
E = Gibbs + S*T
E can never increase or decrease. S*T can only increase. What has to happen to Gibbs Energy?
Conservation of energy
E = Gibbs + S*T
E can never increase or decrease. S*T can only increase. What has to happen to Gibbs Energy?
Conservation of energy
E = Gibbs + S*T
When Gibbs runs out there will be no more chemical reactions. As entropy increases, available energy will vanish.
If you do it yourself, you will perform chemical reactions inside you that increase entropy.
Think about a city, and then think about how much waste it produces.
Chemical reactions occur all the time. Where does all the energy come from to lower entropy to make life possible come from?
Chemical reactions occur all the time. Where does all the energy come from to lower entropy to make life possible come from?
Plants use sunlight to do work to lower entropy on sugars that get burned by every living thing on Earth.
Now, compare the mass of every living thing on Earth to the amount of useful hydrogen that got converted to entropic helium ash in the suns core to maintain that.
Eventually the sun will burn out There wont be enough Gibbs energy, and all processes will stop.
Heat Death
Eventually, all energy will be entropic. Chemical reactions will burn themselves out.