K K Singh

DGM(DX)
ALTTC Ghaziabad
 What is Broadband Access ?

Any data access rate more than 2Mbps is

considered as broadband access.
As per the recent broadband policy of Govt.
of India, access rate over 256 Kbps will
come under category of broadband access.
 Why Broadband ?
Fast development in information technology
field has yielded in applications which are
bandwidth hungry.
Inclusion of more and more graphics and
video content in applications require high
speed access to network.
Network operators are trying to carry real-
time traffic like voice and live video over
data infrastructure to facilitate a unified
network for all type of traffic.
 Where to deploy ?
Broadcaster Service
provisioning
Internet / Telecom
Provider

Broadcast Pac ket Cor e

Network High speed Core Netwo rk
transport IP, AT M,
MPLS

Headend Node

LMDS WiMAX POT S I SDN

MMDS WiFi, GSM
Access xDSL fibr e HF C
GPRS UMT S FTT H

User
Terminal
 Broadband Access Options
Different Broadband access technologies can be
deployed by a network operator depending on
resources, infrastructure and availability of
technologies
 Wireline Access
DSL Technology
Cable Modem (DOCSIS)
Power line broadband access (BPL)
 Optical fiber based solutions
Metroethernet, RPR, EPON, Ethernet over SDH
 Wireless Broadband Access solutions
Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMAX, FSO, LMDS, MMDS, VSAT/DTH
 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

There are various flavors of DSL access

over twisted copper (telephone) line.
 ADSL
 HDSL

VDSL
 IDSL
 Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)

Allows simultaneous access to the line by the

telephone and the computer
In case of power/ADSL failure, data transmission
is lost but basic telephone service will be
operational
Provides
 16-640 kbps upstream
 1.5-8 mbps downstream
Can work up to a distance of 2.7 to 5.5 kms
depending upon the speed required
 ADSL Family
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
ADSL Family
Family Description Upstream Downstream Maximum
Rate Rate range
ADSL G,992.1 / G.DMT 640 KBps 6-8 Mbps 5.5 Km

ADSL Lite G.992.2 / G.Lite 384 KBps 2 Mbps 6-7 Km

ADSL2 G.992.3 / G.dmt.bis 1 MBps 12 Mbps 5.7 Km

ADSL2 Lite G.992.4 / G.lite.bis

ADSL2 + G.992.5 / ADSL 2 plus 1 MBps 24 Mbps 5.5 Km

ADSL2 RE G.992.3 Reach Extended 1MBps 12 Mbps 6 Km

 ADSL

Data Rate - Wire Size – Distance

Data Rate Wire Size Distance

1.5-2.0 Mbps 0.5 mm 18000 Feet 5.5 Kms
1.5-2.0 Mbps 0.4 mm 15000 Feet 4.6 Kms
6.1 Mbps 0.5 mm 12000 Feet 3.7 Kms
6.1 Mbps 0.4 mm 9000 Feet 2.7 Kms
 ADSL

Home/Office Curb Central Office

ADSL
CPE
ADSL up to 5.5 Km Data switch
Splitter
Twisted Copper Pair DSLAM Internet

Splitter
T TERS
SPLI
SHDSL
PSTN

Voice Switch

Customer can have down load speed

Upto 6 MB (3.5 KM) and upload speed
640 Kbps. Telephone works even in
Case of power failure.
 NIB-II Broadband DSL Deployment
Core
Network

SSSS
Core
FE router NOTE: Items indicated in dotted
•
Broadband GigE line boxes are not part of Project 2.2
FE RAS
GigE • Content
BB Server
•
GigE ADM ADM
FE FE
GigE ADM SDH RING
Tier1 Layer2 ADM B1 city ADM
Tier2 LAN
GigE GigE Aggregation B2 city
Switch KM Gig E & FE Switch FE FE
x 40 re
Ma k Fib
r
Da From MDF
FE FE FE
Max 10/20 KM GE 240 Port
48 Port 24 Port
Dark fiber DSLAM 120 Port
DSLAM DSLAM
DSLAM 60 Port
480 Port DSLAM
DSLAM ADSL
ADSL
terminals ADSL terminals ADSL
terminals
ADSL
terminals Splitter
 NIB-II Broadband DSL Deployment

Ex Side Line Side

MDF Normal Line
Telco Switch
Normal Line
DSL Line

Normal Line

Normal Line
DSL Line

DSL Line
Normal Line

POTS Line

GE/FE
Internet DSLAM
ADSL Services Present and Future
Telco Switch MDF
POTS only

LEX

DSL + POTS

Internet
POTS Splitter

ConventionalDSLAMs
MultiService Access DSLAMs/DLC
Legacy POTS only

Internet
Data

V 5.2 DSL + POTS

POTS Splitter

Telco Switch
 HDSL
High bit/data rate DSL
Can be viewed as equivalent of PCM stream
Offers the same bandwidth both upstream
and downstream
Can work up to a distance of 3.66 to 4.57
kms depending upon the speed required
Can deliver 2048 kbps
 On 2 phone lines, each line carrying 1168 kbps
 On 3 phone lines, each line carrying 784 kbps
 HDSL

No provision exists for voice because it

uses the voice band
HDSL-2 is proposed as next generation
HDSL over single phone line
 Requires more aggressive modulation,
shorter distance and better phone line
 SDSL
Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Rate adaptive version of HDSL
Does not support analog calls
Works up to 3.7 kms on 0.5 mm dia cable
Affordable alternative to dedicated
leased lines
SHDSL-Symmetric High-bit-rate Digital
Subscriber Line is an further
improvement over HDSL/SDSL and uses
single phone line
 VDSL
Very-high Data-rate DSL
Also known as BDSL
Originally named VADSL (A –Asymmetric)
but was later extended to support both
symmetric & asymmetric
Requires one phone line
Supports voice & data
Works between 0.3-1.37 kms depending on
speed
 VDSL
Upstream data rate of 1.6-2.3 mbps
Downstream data rate of 13-52 mbps
Data Rate - Wire Size – Distance

Downstream Upstream Distance

12.96 Mbps 1.6-2.3 mbps 4500 Feet 1.37 Kms
25.82 Mbps 1.6-2.3 mbps 3000 Feet 0.91 Kms
51.84 Mbps 1.6-2.3 mbps 1000 Feet 0.30 Kms
 IDSL

ISDN DSL-a hybrid DSL/ISDN solution

Works over existing ISDN connection
Increases ISDN speed from 128 kbps to
144 kbps
 xDSL Modulation

Two types of modulation techniques are

used in xDSL Technologies
 CAP - Carrierless Amplitude and Phase
 DMT - Discrete Multi-Tone modulation
 CAP Modulation
Carrierless Amplitude and Phase
 Closely related to QAM (Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation)
 QAM generates a DSSC (Double Sideband
Suppressed Carrier) signal constructed from
two multi-level PAM (Pulse Amplitude
Modulated) signals applied in phase quadrature
to one another
 CAP modulation produces the same form of
signal as QAM without requiring in-phase and
quadrature components of the carrier to first be
generated
 DMT Modulation
Discrete Multi-Tone modulation
 Evolved from the concept of operating an array
of N relatively low-rate transceivers in parallel to
achieve an overall high rate on one line

The N low-rate information streams are kept
separated from one another by sending them
over N separate frequency sub-bands or sub-
channels
 DMT achieves this sub-channel arraying by
utilising the IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform) and it counterpart, the FFT (Fast
Fourier Transform)
 ADSL DMT Modulation
256 frequency bands of sub-carriers of
4 KHz bandwidth and spacing of 4.3 KHz.
Each sub carrier can support maximum
15 no of bit/sec/Hz. Depending on signal to noise
Ratio for that sub carrier a decision is taken
How many bits that particular sub carrier can
Support. Each carrier can carry 0-15 bits/sec/Hz
Carriers 1-6 for voice and guardband
Voice Upstream Downstream
No of Bits

16 64

7 31 32 255
15

0 4 25 138 139 1104

69 kHz 276 kHz
Frequency (KHz)
Upstream Downstream
Pilot Tone Pilot Tone
 ADSL DMT Modulation

dB Voice Upstream Downstream

15 Signal to
noise ratio
No of Bits

Downstream

0 4 25 138 139 1104

Frequency (KHz)
 ADSL2+ DMT Modulation

ADSL2+ Doubles the bandwidth used to

Carry data

Voice Upstream Downstream

No of Bits

ADSL2+

7 31 32 255 512
15

ADSL2

0 4
0.14MHz 1.1MHz 2.2MHz
Frequency
 Cable Modem
The cable network was designed to
deliver TV signals in one direction from
the Head-End to the subscribers homes
Operators had to upgrade the cable
network so that signals could flow in
both directions
One spectrum is used for the signals
that move from the Head-End towards
the cable subscriber
 Cable Modem
Another spectrum of signal frequencies
are used for the signals that move from
the cable subscriber towards the Head-
End
By replacing existing one way amplifiers
with two way amplifiers Cable Operators
are able to separate the upstream and
downstream signals and amplify each
direction separately in the right
frequency range
 Cable Modem
In the downstream direction (from the
network to the computer), network
speeds can be up to 27 Mbps
In the upstream direction (from computer
to network), speeds can be up to 10
Mbps.

most modem (DOCSIS) producers have
selected a more optimum speed between
500 Kbps and 10 Mbps
 many cable operators limit the upstream
bandwidth to 128 or 384kbs
What is a Cable Modem
Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)
Various Technologies are available in
broadband wireless access

Personal Area Network (PAN), IEEE 802.15
 Wireless LAN, IEEE 802.11
 Metropolital Area Network, WiMAX, IEEE 802.16
 Wide Area Network, IEEE 802.20
 LMDS, MMDS
 3G Cellular Mibile network
 Free Space Optics (FSO)
 VSAT and DTH based satellite access
 Wireless Personal Area Network
Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15
What is Bluetooth ?

Wireless LAN technology (10 meters) PAN
 2.4 Ghz band with 20+ Mbps speed
 Spread spectrum frequency hopping
 “Always on “ user transparent cable
replacement
 Combination of circuit switching and packet
switching (good for voice and data)

3 Voice channels of 64 Kbps each
 Bluetooth

 A new short-range wireless technology.

 It’s designed for:

 Interconnecting computer and peripherals.

 Interconnecting various handhelds.

Wireless LAN/WiFi, IEEE 802.11
 WiFi
Wireless Ethernet standards
 IEEE 802.11
The Initial release of the standard capable of transmissions of 1
to 2 Mbps and operates in 2.4 GHz band using either frequency
hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum
(DSSS).
 IEEE 802.11a
Capable of transmissions upto 54 Mbps and operates in 5 GHz
band and uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM
encoding scheme .
 IEEE 802.11b
Capable of transmissions of upto 11 Mbps and operates in 2.4
GHz band and uses only DSSS encoding scheme.

IEEE 802.11g
Capable of transmissions upto 20+ Mbps and operates in 2.4
GHz band
 WiFi in metro Access
Wifi was originally designed to replace
wired last mile (Indoor Ethernet). However
operators are trying to use Wi-Fi in Metro
Access environment (Outdoor Ethernet).
Although not designed for outdoor use,
operators are deploying two different
approaches to use Wi-Fi as Broadband
Metro Access.
 Wi-Fi with directional antenna
 Wi-Fi with a mesh-network topology
 Increasing 802.11 Range Using
Directional Antennas
802.11 Last Mile Networks

Proprietary
Solutions
Wi-Fi Subscriber Station
With High-Gain Antenna
Internet

Ethernet
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Telco core
network
Or private
Internal Access
(fiber)
Point with hub network

Ethernet Wi-Fi Access Point

With High-Gain antenna

Customer Premise
(Home, Business or HOTSPOT)
 WiFi as Metro Access
Mesh Networking
Meshing allows wireless connectivity between
access points Proprietary

Lower implementation cost Solutions

Fault tolerance
AP to AP Communication is not
Standardized and hence are not
interoperable, The ratification of
802.11s will standardize the Wi-Fi
Mesh-network topology. The
802.11s standard is estimated
To be ratified in 2007.
 WiMAX, IEEE 802.16
Worldwide Interoperability for microwave access
(WiMAX)
It was designed to develop an air interface based
on a common MAC protocol
Designed a flexible MAC layer and accompanying
physical (PHY) layer for 10-60 GHz and 2-11 GHz
It will provide fixed, portable, and eventually
mobile wireless broadband connectivity
Data rate at the rates up to 75 Mb/s per 20 MHz
Carrier
 WiMAX 802.16
802.16 Last Mile Networks
a ul
h
WiMAX Subscriber
a ck int
Station B po
X
A to
iM oint PSTN
W P
Internet
POTS

Wi-Fi Telco core

WiMAX Access network
Pt to Multipt. Or private
Internal Access
(fiber)
Point with hub network

Ethernet WiMAX Base Station

Customer Premise
(Home, Business or HOTSPOT)
 WiMAX, Last Mile Wireless
Broadband Video
PSTN
Cellular Mobile
Telephony BTS
Internet
Enterprise Cellular
Customer backhaul

High Speed
Content & 
Core Network Application 
Mobile Providers
Broadband
User
BBRAS

Home User /
SOHO
EnterpriseCustomer
/Fixed outdoor
 WiMAX Applications
3
2
FR ACT IONA L E1 for
SM ALL BUS INE SS BA CKH AU L for
HOTSP OT S
RESI DENT IAL & SoH o
DSL

E1 L EVE L SE RV ICE

4
EN TE RP RIS E
BA CKH AUL ALW AYS BES T
CO NN ECT ED
1 802.16
802.11
Mul ti-Po int
BAC KH AU L
802.11

802.11

Mobile Internet User

POTS/Internet Services
 IEEE 802.16 Standards
P802.16a — 2.5, 3.5 GHz licensed bands
 Point-to-multipoint BWA system


OFDM and single-carrier system

Near LOS operation and fixed outdoor antenna
 Max. Range 50 KMs with typical coverage will be

around 15 km with outdoor fixed antenna

802.16-Revd 2004 – 2.5, 3.5 GHz licensed band
 Non Line of sight operation, OFDM
 5 KMs range with indoor antenna attached with
modem providing portability within the house
802.16 b – 5.8 GHz license exempt band
 Problem of line of sight operation
 IEEE 802.16 Standards
802.16e – 2.5, 3.5 GHz Licensed band
 CPE Native in mobile PC
 It will offer Mobility within a fixed service area of
the service provider at varying speed
 The standard is expected to be ratified in later
part of 2005
802.20 - ?

Complete mobility with roaming from one
network to other network.

Work under progress
Other Land Based Fixed Wireless
Broadband
Several different transmission
technologies
 Free Space Optics
 Local Multipoint Distribution Service

Multichannel Multipoint Distribution
Service
 Free Space Optics (FSO)
FSO is optical, wireless, point-to-point, line-of-sight
broadband technology that is an alternative to fiber
optic cable systems without expense of fiber
 Speed is comparable to fiber optic transmissions

Transmits up to 1.25 Gbps at distance of 4

miles (6.4 kilometers) in full-duplex mode
 Uses low-powered infrared (IR) beam sent
through open air by transceivers
 Uses unlicensed higher frequency

 Currently FSO uses two different wavelengths,

but expect worldwide standard in near future

FSO Transmitter
 FSO Applications

Variety of FSO applications

 Last mile connection
 LAN connections
 Fiber optic backup
 Backhaul
In next few years, FSO is expected to
become major player in wireless
world
 Local Multipoint Distribution
System
LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution
System)
 Broadband wireless technology operating in
the 28-GHz and 31-GHz ranges. Now
systems are available in 11 GHz range also
to increase the coverage area
 Voice, data and video
 Data rate in the range of 100s of Mbps
 Available 2001?

Line-of-sight technology
 LMDS Applications
Central Office Video

PSTN

Internet
Content & 
Application 
Providers
Backhaul for
Hotspots

Data,PSTN
Video Access

Data,PSTN
LMDS Cell Site Video Access
 LMDS Architecture

LMDS network is composed of cells

Many differences between LMDS cells
and cellular telephone system
 Cellular telephone system has mobile users,
while LMDS has fixed users
 Variety of factors affect size of LMDS cells
while cells in telephone system are about
same size and are based on RF signal
traveling from tower to user
LMDS Hub and Remote Unit
28-31 GHz, 11 GHz
PMP and PP systems
Multiple Mbps to
100’s of Mbps

LMDS Hub Unit LMDS Remote Unit

LMDS Access And Modulation
LMDS uses two access methods to share
frequency
 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Modulation techniques vary among
carriers
 Most use a form of quadrature phase shift
keying (QPSK) or quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM), 4-QAM, 16-QAM or 64-
QAM
 Multichannel Multipoint
Distribution System
In 1998, FCC allowed MMDS
frequency to provide two-way
services such as wireless Internet
access along with voice and video
transmissions
Similar to LMDS, MMDS can transmit
video, voice, or data signals at 1.5
Mbps downstream and 300 Kbps
upstream at distances up to 35 miles
 MMDS Layout

Mounted MMDS hub uses point-to-multipoint

architecture
By using lower frequencies, MMDS signals travel
longer distances and provide service to cells that
are up to 35 miles across
Pizza box (13 x 13 inch) directional antennas are
mounted at receiving location
Cable runs from antenna to MMDS wireless modem
 Converts analog signal to digital and may be

attached to single computer or LAN

MMDS Pizza Box Antenna
 Second Generation MMDS

Work is underway for Second Generation

MMDS
 Will use Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
 Stronger signal will eliminate line-of-sight
requirement, increase coverage in cell, and
simplify antenna installation
 Speeds may reach up to 9 Mbps downstream
and 2.0 Mbps upstream
Fiber Based Access Technologies

Ethernet over Dark fibers

Ethernet over Sonet/SDH
Ethernet over DWDM
Ethernet over RPR Ring
Ethernet over Passive Optical networks
(EPONS)
Optical Implementations
Internet
Data Center

Ethernet
over RPR

Data
Center

Ethernet over
SDH/DWDM
Ethernet
over Fiber

Data
Center
Internet
 Ethernet over Dark Fiber

Ethernet in the First Mile over Fiber standards- pt-to-pt (EFMF):

100BASE-LX10 Duplex fiber physical, Distance 10 km on 1310nm laser

100BASE-BX10-D Single Fiber Bi-Directional 1550nm downstream laser

(provider side)
100BASE-BX10-U Single Fiber Bi-Directional 1310nm upstream laser
(customer side)
1000BASE-LX10 Duplex Fiber Extended (10 km) 1310nm long wavelength
laser
1000BASE-BX10-D Single Fiber Bi-Directional 1550nm downstream laser
(provider side)
1000BASE-BX10-U Single Fiber Bi-Directional 1310nm upstream laser
(customer side)
Ethernet over SDH
Advantages of Ethernet over SDH
Common platform to carry TDM and Ethernet
services
End to end performance monitoring with
guaranteed QoS for both TDM and Data traffic.
Full fault management
SDH resiliency <50 ms switching time for both
data and TDM traffic
End to End management, provisioning and billing
Long Distance Coverage
 SONET/SDH Digital Hierarchy

Optical Electrical Line Rate Payload Overhead SDH

Level Level (Mbps) Rate (Mbps) Equivalent
(Mbps)
OC-1 STS-1 51.840 50.112 1.728 -

OC-3 STS-3 155.520 150.336 5.184 STM-1

OC-12 STS-12 622.080 601.344 20.736 STM-4

OC-48 STS-48 2488.320 2405.376 82.944 STM-16

OC-192 STS-192 9953.280 9621.504 331.776 STM-64

OC-768 STS-768 39813.120 38486.016 1327.104 STM-256

 Ethernet over SDH (Efficiency)
Frame relay cannot scale beyond DS3 (44.736 mbps)
ATM cannot scale beyond STM-4 (622.080 mbps) due to SAR
speed limitations
Ethernet rates are 10 mbps, 100 mbps 1000 mbps (1 gbps) &
10000 mbps (10 gbps)– Scaling is not a problem !!
Ethernet over SDH on long haul networks is inefficient (see table
below)

Ethernet SONET/SDH SONET/SDH Effective Payload Bandwidth

Rates Rates Efficiency
10 mbps OC-1/STS-1 51.840 mbps 50.112 mbps ~ 20 %

100 mbps OC-3/STM-1 155.520 mbps 150.336 mbps ~ 67 %

1 gbps OC-48/STM-16 2448.320 2405.376 mbps ~ 42 %

mbps
10 gbps OC-192/STM-64 9953.280 9621.504 mbps ~ 104 %
mbps
Optimization of Ethernet over SDH

To optimize the transport of Ethernet over

SONET/SDH links, two new technologies
have been standardized.

Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
Virtual Concatenation allows for non-
standard SONET/SDH multiplexing to
increase bandwidth efficiency
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) provides
encapsulation efficiency and eliminates
inter-working Functions if any.
Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)

Virtual concatenation is valid for STS-1

rates (51.84 mbps) as well as the lower
tributaries (1.544 mbps/2.048 mbps)
Virtually concatenated channels may
be deployed on the existing
SONET/SDH network with a simple
endpoint upgrade.
All the equipment currently in the
center of the network need not be
aware of the virtual concatenation.
Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
CPE
CPE

10/100
10/100
GbE
GbE

802.1q VLAN SDH Ring 802.1q VLAN

tag (OC-48c/STM-16) tag

1 Gbps
7 STM 1 Pipes
STS-3-7v (155.520 x 7 = 1088.640 mbps)

Gigabit Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet

(1000 mbps) (1000 mbps)
Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
The Virtual SONET pipe size may be :
 Multiple of STS-1 (51.84 mbps) for high-order VCAT

VCAT rates are designated by STS-m-nv for

high-order (e.g. STS-1-2v for 100mbps Fast
Ethernet)
Note: “nv” indicates a multiple n of the STS-m
base rate
 Multiple of 1.544 mbps (VT1.5) or 2.048 mbps (VT2)

for low-order VCAT

VCAT rates for lower order are designated by VT-
m-nv (e.g. VT-2-5v for 10 mbps Ethernet)
Note: “nv” indicates a multiple n of the VT-m
base rate
 Ethernet over SDH (optimization)

Ethernet Virtual SONET/SDH Effective Bandwidth

Rates SONET pipe Rates Payload Efficiency

10 mbps VT-2-5v 2.048 mbps 1.984 100 %

mbps
100 mbps STS-1-2v 51.84 mbps 50.112 99.7 %
mbps
1 gbps STS-3-7v 155.520 mbps 150.336 95 %
mbps
 Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
Ro uter -A Fro m
Fas t
Ether net OC- 48c/ ST M- 16
(1 00 m bps)
ADM DWDM
MUX
OC- 48c/ STM- 16
Fast Et herne t
(10 0 mb ps)

Ro uter -C ADM 2xSTS1 pipe DWDM Ring

ADM DWDM
MUX

DWDM
MUX
OC-4 8c/ST M- 16
Rin g ADM
OC- 48c/ ST M- 16
Fast E the rne t
(1 00 mb ps)

Ro uter -B
 Differential Delay in VCAT
Individual STS-1’s or STS-3c’s sub-channels can
take different paths through the SONET network.
This can introduce differential delay. Buffering at
the far end is required to align the sub- channels
and extract the original frames.
The receiving end-point is then responsible for
reassembling the original byte stream after
compensating the differential delay if any
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
LCAS is also useful for fault tolerance and
protection
LCAS has the ability to remove failed
pipes from the VCG (Virtual Concatenation
Group)
The VCG ends up operating at a reduced
bandwidth, but the VCG still continues to
carry data that is error-free.
LCAS also can add an additional tributary
to the VCG when the demand increases
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)

Frame-mapped
 Need to know the client protocol
 Associate a length to each higher level
frame
 Efficient: eliminate the need for byte
stuffing or for block encoding (e.g.,
8B/10B)
Transparent
 No need to know the client protocol
 Less efficient; can transmit signal even

when the client is idle

 Generic Framing Procedure
GFP payload area

2 2 2 2 0-60
PLI cHEC Type tHEC GEH GFP payload

Payload Core Payload Type GFP GFP

length header type header extension payload
indicator error error headers
checking checking

GFP combines frame length indication with CRC

 PLI indicated length of frame, then simply count characters

cHEC (CRC-16) protects against errors in count field (single-bit
error correction + error detection)
GFP designed to operate over octet-synchronous physical
layers (e.g. SONET)
 Frame-mapped mode for variable-length payloads: Ethernet

Transparent mode carries fixed-length payload: storage devices
Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)
IEEE 802.17
 Resilient Packet Ring - IEEE 802.17
A New Ring MAC Protocol
(IEEE 802.17)

Unlike Ethernet over SDH no
reservation of resources like
(STS-1-5v) etc.,

Allows Packet Add/Drop & Pass
through
In Ethernet over SDH streams are
added/dropped & pass through
Effective Use of Bandwidth RPR
Ring Protection

Fast and reliable layer2
protection
Control Access Protocol
 Fair access to ring BW
using Cisco’s Dynamic
Packet Transport (DPT)
Protocol
 RPR
Both rings are used to transport

User data (traffic) between nodes

Control (topology updates, protection and bandwidth
control) messages
Control messages flow in the opposite direction of the traffic
they represent
RPR has the ability to differentiate between low
and high priority packets
RPR node has the ability to transmit high priority
packets while temporarily holding the lower
priority packets in the transit buffer
 RPR
Inner Ring
Control

Inner Ring Outer Ring

Data Control

Outer Ring
Data
RPR Protection

FAULT
Ethernet over Passive Optical
Networks (EPON)
 Ethernet over Passive Optical
Networks (EPON) Pt-to-M-Pt

Ethernet in the First Mile over Passive Optical

Networks (EPON) Pt-to-M-Pt
Two interfaces to cover a distance of
minimum 10 & 20 kms over 16:1 split ratio are
developed by IETF P802.3ah. New standards
has also come regarding 32:1 splits.
 1000 BASE-PX 10: PHY for PON >= 10 km over
single SM fiber and >=16:1 split ratio
 1000 BASE-PX 20: PHY for PON >= 20 km over
single SM fiber and >=16:1 split ratio
 EFM Fiber Point-to-Multipoint
1000BASE-PX 10 & 1000BASE-PX 20

1 Gbps, 1:16 split ratio

10 km single mode fiber

Business and Residential access over SMF

Reach for Ethernet over fiber increased up to
10/20km.
1Gbps – Available bandwidth shared by up to 64
users
An Ethernet based alternative for Passive Optical
Networks.
 Passive Optical Network (PON)
Passive Optical Networks (PONs)

Shares fiber optic strands for a portion of the networks distribution

Uses optical splitters to separate and aggregate the signal

Power required only at the ends

ATM PON – APON

Ethernet PON – EPON (Pt to M-Pt)

Gigabit Ethernet PON – GPON ( Pt to M-Pt)
Hybrid (Active/PON)
 Uses Active Node (powered) and PON to cover larger
distances
 Fiber loss in PON
• Fi ber lo ss per km is 0. 25 dB for1550 nm an d
0. 4 dB 1260 - 1360 nm
• Wh en t he sig nal is s pl it two wa ys, hal f the
power goes one way an d h alf g oes the other .
• So ea ch dire ction get s hal f the power , or t he
si gn al is red uced by 10lo g( 0. 5) =3 dB .

f
al
H
//
//
Ha
lf
 PON link budgets
Link budget (Maximum loss planned) is 21
dB
maximum distance without amplification is
about 80 km
 At 1550 nm, fiber exhibits loss of about 0.25
dB/km & at 1310 nm loss is 0.4 db/km
 80km x 0.25 db/km = 20 db
Each two-way split results in a loss of
nominally ~3.5 dB of level, assume 4 dB
worst case.
 Thus, each two-way split costs about 16 km
distance for 1550 nm & 10 km for 1310 nm
 PON Link Budget
Split Loss dB Loss Km End to End
Range
1:2 4 16 80-16=64
1:4 8 32 80-32=48
1:8 12 48 80-48=32
1:16 16 64 80-64=16
1:32 20 80 80-80=0
1:64 24 96 80-96=-16
 APON, EPON or GPON
Usually 10-20 km

OLT

//
// ONU
//

Op tical s plitter
(Passiv e No de – power is
not req ui red )
1x1 6 ( 1x2 , 1x 8) OLT : Optical Line Terminal

1x3 2 ( 1x4 , 1x 8) ONU: Optical Network Unit

 Architectures – PON

1550 nm video
broadcast (if used)
OLT
1490* nm data

//
// ONU
//

1310 nm data

* Data may be transmitted at 1550 nm if not used for video

 Architecture – Active Node

Up to 70 km Up to 16 km for 1:16 split

//
OLT

//

//
ONU
//

//

Active Node with processing

//
(powered)
 Architectures – Active Node

//
OLT 1550 nm broadcast
(if used)
//

//
ONU
//

//

Data, 1310 & 1550 or 1490 nm //

Architecture – Hybrid PON

Up to 70 km Up to 10 km (Min)

OLT // //

Optical splitter //

//
// ONU
//

Active Node //
(powered)
// //

Optical splitter
 Architectures – Hybrid PON
Single fiber, 1550 broadcast, 1310,1490 bidirectional data

OLT // //

1550 nm broadcast //

//
// ONU
//

//

Data, 1310 & 1550 or // //

1490 nm
 Downstream Traffic in EPON
802.3x frame
4 3 2 1 1
FCS Payload Header

OLT // //

1
ONU 1

2
3
ONU 2

4
4 3 2 1 //
//
//
// 4
// 4 3 2 1 2

Maximum 64 ONUs can be

3

configured 4 3 2 1 3
2

Every ONU receives the original // //

1

Frame which was sent from OLT ONU 3

ONU filters only the traffic meant ONU 4
for that site with the help of an ID
//
Downstream traffic is normally 4 3 2 1 4
encrypted to avoid security breach
 Upstream Traffic in EPON (TDMA)
802.3x frame
1 1
Header Payload FCS

OLT // //
1 2
ONU 1

ONU 2

1 2 3 4 //
//
//
// // 2 2

ONUs share the bandwidth in TDMA

Fashion when sending the traffic to 3 3
OLT (upstream) 3 4

Sufficient gap ( laser off) is

// //
ONU 3
maintained between frames from
ONUs to avoid overlapping ONU 4

Upstream traffic from one ONU //

cannot be seen by other ONUs by the 4 4
Physics of Splitter/coupler