Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Session VII : Busbar Protection

9th Training on Power System Element Protection, & 17th March, 2007 at L&T Manappakam, Chennai.

Dr. G. Pradeep Kumar

Contents
Introduction Frame leakage protection High impedance bus differential Low impedance bus differential Busbar configurations Breaker failure protection
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Introduction
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Busbar Protection
Busbar faults are very rare. Busbar protection not provided always Without busbar protection
No dislocation of system due to accidental operation of busbar protection. Slow fault clearance.

Busbar faults are cleared by remote time delayed protection on circuits feeding the faults:
Time delayed over current or Time delayed distance protection
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Busbar Faults Are Usually Permanent

CAUSES :
Insulation failures Circuit breaker failures Falling debris Isolators operated outside their ratings Safety earths left connected Current transformer failures

THEREFORE :
Circuit breakers should be tripped and locked out by busbar protection
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Busbar Protection
BUSBAR ZONE F1 F2

WITH BUSBAR PROTECTION

Fast clearance by breakers at the busbars
Where busbars are sectionalised, protection can limit the amount of system disruption for a busbar fault
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Busbar Protection
RELIABILITY
Failure could cause widespread damage to the substation

STABILITY
False tripping can cause widespread interruption of supplies

to customers

DISCRIMINATION
Should trip the minimum number of breakers to clear the

fault

SPEED
To limit damage and possible power system instability

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Methods of Providing Busbar Protection

Frame to Earth (Leakage) Protection Directional Comparison Protection

Differential Protection :

High Impedance
Low Impedance

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Frame Leakage Protection

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Frame Earth Protection Scheme

Can only detect an earth fault

Involves measuring fault current from switchgear frame

to earth

Switchgear insulated by standing on concrete plinth Only one earthing point allowed on switchgear C.T. mounted on single earth conductor used to energise

instantaneous relay
All cable glands must be insulated
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Current Distribution for External Fault

Outgoing feeder IF = I1 + I2 Switchgear frame Frame-leakage current transformer Switchgear frame bonding bar

Generator

Earth bar

System earthing resistor

I1 + I2
I1 Frame insulation resistance to earth (> 10) I1 I2

Earthing electrode resistance (< 1)

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Frame Leakage Busbar Protection

Simple, economical. Suitable for phase segregated indoor metal-clad

switchgear. Only E/F protection required.

Setting of instantaneous E/F relay (64)
= < 0.3 IF(min)

Disadvantages
Insulation of switchgear frame and between sections. Insulation of cable glands to prevent spurious currents during through faults.

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Frame-Leakage Scheme with Single Insulation Barrier

Insulation Barrier Zone 1 Zone 2

0.2-1 sec.

64 Z1

64 Z2

B1

B2

Trip A

Trip B

Trip C

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Frame Leakage Protection

Check Feature
To differentiate between a genuine busbar fault and a fault in the secondary winding of a c.t. The check feature provides a second line of defence.

The check relays pick up for both internal and external

faults.

Both check and discriminating relays must operate before tripping can occur.

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Frame Leakage Protection

Check Feature
The various methods of obtaining the check feature are,
Neutral check provided by a relay energised from a single c.t. in the power system neutral. Residual check provided by a relay energized from a residually connected c.t. on the busbar incomers. Residual voltage check provided by a voltage relay energized from a broken delta v.t. supply.

Check relays are normally self-reset in order to avoid having to reset the relay after each external fault.

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Single Zone Frame - Earth Protection with Neutral Check

Switchgear frame

Frame-earth fault relay Neutral check relay 64

64 CH

Trip all breakers circuit

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High Impedance Bus Differential

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Circulating Current Differential Scheme

A B C N
87A 87A 87A

Differential relay
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High Impedance Protection

This is a versatile and reliable protection

system applied to many different busbar

configurations. Simple system to apply and extend. High sensitivity for phase and earth faults. Extremely stable for external faults.

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High Impedance Protection

CT requirements:
Equal ratios
Class X

Requires stabilising resistors, RST May require non-linear resistors (Metrosils) If CT requirements are met, scheme performance may be predicted by calculation without heavy current conjunctive tests
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High Impedance Busbar Protection

RST METROSIL 87

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Effective Setting
Since in each zone of protection there are several CTs in parallel with the relay and each other, the combined CT magnetising currents will increase the primary operating current (P.O.C). P.O.C. = CT ratio (IR + INLR + nIM)
where :IR IM n = = = Relay setting current CT magnetising current (one CT at relay setting voltage) Number of paralleled CTs Non linear resistor current at relay setting voltage
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INLR =

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Primary Operating Current (P.O.C)

The value of primary operating current should be around 30% of minimum fault current available.

This ensures sufficient relay current during internal

fault conditions for high speed operation.

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Through Fault Stability

Busbar protection stability limit is based on maximum through fault current.

Generally this value is derived from the rating of the associated switchgear irrespective of existing fault level, since it can be expected that system can grow

up to limit of rating.

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Check Feature
Provided by duplication of primary protection using second set

of CTs on all circuits other than bus section and coupler units.
Check system forms one zone only, covering whole of busbar systems and not discriminating between faults on various sections.

Zone A

87A

87A

Zone B

Check zone
87A

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CT Wiring Supervision
Open circuit connections between CTs and relay circuit result in unbalance currents which may operate the protection. Supervision is applied by a voltage relay across

differential relay circuit.

Supervision relay is time delayed, gives alarm and also shorts out bus wires to protect differential relay circuit. Typical effective setting is 25 primary amps or 10% of lowest circuit rating, whichever is greater.
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CT Wiring Supervision
I1
CT1 V
Supervision relay

RST

I2 R ZM2 ZM3 ZM4

I3

I4

RR I1

Voltage measured by supervision relay V 1 (R || ZM2 || ZM3 || ZM4 ) If supervision relay setting VSP Out - of - balance current tooperate the supervision relay V V V V SP SP SP SP R ZM2 ZM3 ZM3
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Differential Relay Circuit

A B C N

Zone bus wires

95X 95X 95X

Bus wire short contacts

95

Supervision relay

Non-linear resistors

v
87

v
87

v
87

Stabilizing resistors

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Current Transformer Wiring

Lead burdens between various sets of CTs must be kept

low. Usually bus wires are run in closed ring between

breaker control panels. Typical route is : CTs to marshalling kiosk Marshalling kiosk to isolator auxiliaries Loop between marshalling kiosks Normal conductor size is 2.5mm2
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Low Impedance Bus Differential

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Low Impedance Busbar Protection

Biased differential characteristics provides stability for through fault. Modular scheme design allows relays to relate to each circuit and function of the protection. Optic inter module communication in numerical relays High sensitivity for phase and earth faults. Protection for each phase can be relatively independent. Earlier schemes were less stable than high impedance schemes. Modern schemes incorporate saturation detectors and are extremely stable.
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Low Impedance Busbar Protection

Current transformers can be :
of different ratio
of relatively small output shared with other protections

Current transformer secondary circuits are not

switched.

CT burden reduced in distributed architecture Continuous supervision of CT circuits and constant monitoring of vital circuits are included.

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Modular Low Impedance Relay Single Bus Protection

Z1 F1 F2 Z2

BS

F3

F4

FM 1

FM 2

BSM

FM 3

FM 4

Z1 ZCK

Z2 ZCK

Z1

ZCK

Z2
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Modular Low Impedance Relay Double Bus Protection

Z1 Z3 BS Z2 Z4

BC1

F1

F2

F3

F4

BC2

BCM 1
Z1 Z3 ZCK

FM 1

FM 2

BSM

FM 3

FM 4

BCM 2
Z2 Z4 ZCK

Z1

Z3

ZCK

Z2

Z4

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Bus Arrangements
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Effect of C.T. Location on Busbar Protection Performance

Circuit protection

Interlocked over current relay Circuit protection Busbar protection Circuit protection Busbar protection

Busbar protection

Interlocked over current relay All C.T.s on line side of circuit breaker All C.T.s on Busbar side of circuit breaker

Overlapping C.T.s

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Typical Double Busbar Arrangement

60MW Generators 75MVA 132/13.8kV Transformers

132kV

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Zones of Protection for Double Bus Station

Zone G BS Zone H

BC

BC

Zone J

Typical Feeder Circuits

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Isolator Auxiliary Switches

R M A B C D

In order to maintain stability on switching, auxiliary switches should : 1) Close before the isolator
a b c d

closes 2) Open after the isolator opens

r Bus wires

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Tripping Circuits
One trip relay is required for each feeder breaker

Two trip relays for each bus section or bus coupler

breakers.

The trip relays have to be lock-out type (hand reset) Both main and check relays must be energized for the tripping relays to trip all breakers associated with that zone.

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Double Busbar with Transfer Facilities

Main

Reserve / Transfer

By-pass Isolator

By-pass Isolator

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Triple Busbar
Main

Reserve Transfer CB Transfer CB

Transfer

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1 Breaker Scheme
Bus 1

Bus 2
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1 Breaker Bus Protection

87

87

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Mesh Busbar
F1 F3

T1

T3

T4

T2

F4
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F2
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Mesh Busbar Protection

87 R1

F1

F3

87 R3

T1

T3

T4

T2

87 R4

87 R2

F4
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F2
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Breaker Failure Protection

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Breaker Fail Protection

Detects failure of a circuit breaker to interrupt the fault current even after the protection relay issues a trip command Where breaker fail protection is applied to a system, back tripping of associated breakers is required in the event of a breaker failure. Often, breaker fail protection is arranged in conjunction with busbar protection tripping circuits to initiate tripping

of breakers on a busbar zone associated with the failed

breaker.
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Breaker Fail Protection

+
Enable PR Trip

Inst. O/C

Td

Breaker Failure Trip Initiation

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Thank you
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