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4.615 ms

1
TB 3
BN0 BN2

2
DATA
57

3
SF
1

5
Training
26

6
SF
1

7
DATA
57

TB 3
BN0 BN2

148 bits

156.25 bits= 0.577 ms

20 ms

dB +4 +1 -1 -6

time

-30 (147 10 8 10 8 10 bits) 10 sec sec sec sec sec sec 7056/13 (542.8)
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-70

Course Outline:
I. Review 1. Logical Channels 2. 51& 26-frame multiframe II. GSM Technical Details 1. Bursts in Air Interface a. Normal Bursts (NB) b. Frequency Correction Burst (FB) c. Synchronization Bursts (SB) d. Access Bursts (AB) e. Dummy Bursts (DB)

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2. Timing Advance a. Why 63 is the maximum? b. Its calculation 3. Speech Processing Flow a. Digitizing & Source Coding b. Channel Coding c. Interleaving - Bit - Burst d. Bit Rate Calculation

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LOGICAL CHANNELS

On every physical channel, a number of logical channels are mapped. Each logical channel is used for a specific purpose.

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LOGICAL CHANNELS
TRAFFIC CHANNELS (TCH)
Full Rate Channel Half Rate Channel

CONTROL CHANNELS (with horrible abbreviations!) Broadcast Channels (BCH)

Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Common Control Channels (CCCH)

Paging Channel (PCH) Random Access Channel (RACH) Access Grant Channel (AGCH)

Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)

Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) \\afagcaoili

BROADCAST CHANNELS all downlink! Hey. Im a

GSM xmitter!

GSM?

FCCH

GSM!!! SCH TDMA#BSIC...

BCCH LAneigborscell infomax power... Hey! Dont shout at me, lower your power...

Okok
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COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS

Hello! You have a call.

PCH downlink only

Hello! I have to set up a call. I need SDCCH.

RACH uplink only

AGCH downlink only

Ok. Use SDCCH.

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DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS On SDCCH: uplink and downlink

SDCCH

-call set up signaling -location updating -periodic registration -IMSI attach/detach -SMS -facsimile etc..
On SACCH -mobile transmits signal strength on ncell quality

SACCH timing advance MS power

FACCH
handover

Dont shout at me. I cant hear you little butt.

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TCH = Traffic Channel Full rate - Used for speech at 13 kbits/s or

sending data at 9.6 kbits/s

Half rate - Used for speech at 6.5 kbits/s or

sending data at 4.8 kbits/s

Enhanced Full rate - Used for speech at 13

kbits/s or sending data at 9.6 kbits/s but with almost Land line quality

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1 TDMA FRAME 200 kHz 4.615 ms 0.577 ms TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7

FCCH, SCH, BCCH PCH, RACH, AGCH

TCH, TCH, TCH, TCH, SDCCH, TCH, TCH, SACCH, SACCH, SACCH, SACCH, SACCH, SACCH, SACCH, FACCH FACCH FACCH FACCH FACCH FACCH CBCH

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TCH UP-DOWNLINK OFFSET

Downlink . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Uplink

5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 TIMESLOTS 3 * 0.577ms = 1.73ms 3 TIMESLOTS 3 * 0.577ms = 1.73ms

3 TIMESLOTS 3 * 0.577ms = 1.73ms

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dB +4 +1 -1 -6

Different Bursts in the AIR Interface

-30

-70

(147 bits) 10 8 10 sec sec sec 7056/13 (542.8) 10 8 10 sec sec sec

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Normal Burst
4.615 ms

TB 3
BN0 BN2

DATA
57

SF
1

Training
26

SF
1

DATA
57

TB 3
BN0 BN2

148 bits 156.25 bits= 0.577 ms

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Synchronization Burst
4.615 ms

TB 3

Encrypted Bits
39

Extended Training seq.

64

Encrypted Bits
39

TB 3

148 bits 156.25 bits= 0.577 ms

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Frequency Correction Burst

4.615 ms

TB 3

Fixed all zeros142

TB 3

148 bits 156.25 bits= 0.577 ms

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Access Burst
4.615 ms

TB 8
BN0 BN2

Syncronization Sequence 48 BW8-BW48

Encrypted Message
36

TB 3
BN85BN87

Additional guard Time

60

148 bits 156.25 bits= 0.577 ms

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Dummy Burst
4.615 ms

TB 3
BN0 BN2

Mixed bits
58 BN3 BN60

Training
26 BN61 BN86

Mixed bits
58 BN87-BN144

TB 3
BN145 BN147

148 bits 156.25 bits= 0.577 ms

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Timing Advance Calculation TA 1

RACH

TA 2

RACH
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Where did the value 550 m to one TA come from?

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Timing Advance Calculation

TA 1

RACH

t1

TA 2

RACH
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Given: Bit rate at the Air Interface = 270.8333 kbps Speed of Light = 3 x 108 m/s @ 270.8333 kbps 1 bit = 3.6923 microseconds Distance = (Velocity) (Time)

Dtotal = (3 x 108 m/s) (3.6923 microseconds) Dtotal = 1107.69 meters 1 Timing Advance = Dtotal / 2 = 553.846 meters
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What is the maximum range of an ordinary GSM BTS?

Access Burst
4.615 ms

TB 8
BN0 BN2

Syncronization Sequence 48 BW8-BW48

Encrypted Message
36

TB 3
BN85BN87

Additional guard Time

60
8.25 bits

148 bits 156.25 bits= 0.577 ms

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Guard period = 68.25 bits Time = (68.25 bits) (3.6928 microseconds / bit) = 252.0336 microseconds

Dist. total = (time) (velocity of propagation) = (252.0336 microseconds) (3 x 108 m/s) = 75610.08 meters

Distance = Dist. total / 2 = 37.8 Kilometers

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Speech Processing Flow

20 ms Digitizing & Source Coding Channel Coding

time

Interleaving

GMSK Modulation

TDMA Burst

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Digitizing & Source Coding

20 ms Digitizing & Source Coding

time

260 bits

Side Inf.

Residual Data

78

182

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Where did the 13 Kbps bit rate come from?..

For every 20 ms sample of voice, it is converted into a stream of 260 bits of information. Hence, 260 bits = 20 ms Bit Rate = 260 bits / 20 ms = 13 Kbps

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Speech Processing Flow

20 ms Digitizing & Source Coding Channel Coding

time

13 Kbps

Interleaving

GMSK Modulation

TDMA Burst

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Channel Coding

260 bits
Side Inf. Residual Data

Channel Coding

456 bits

78

182

13 Kbps

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Channel Coding
Side Inf. 20msec Sample Residual Data

78

182

3 bits

4 bits

182 bits

Parity

Tail

1/2
378

Conv. Encoded bits

78 (class 2)

Channel encoder

456 bits
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Full rate channel coding

260 bits
Parity Check

Class 1a, 50 bits

Class 1b, 132 bits

Class 2, 78 bits
Tail bits

50

132

78

R=1/2k = 5 Convolutional Code 378 456 bits

78

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Coding for control channels

From Layer 2 184 184
Parity Check Tail bits

Fire-code

184

40

Convolutional Code, r=1/2 k=5 456

456 bits
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Summary coding for a GSM system

Information bits

Speech TCH Speech frame 260 bits ACCH, BCCH, PCH, AGCH, SDCCH Message 184 bits

Cyclic code &tail 260 267

Convolutional Code 267 456

Reordering and partioning Out: 8 sub-blocks Block diagonal interleaving out: pairs to sub-blocks

Fire code & tail 184 228

Convolutional code 228 456

Coded bits
Intra-burst interleaving

Information and parity bits

RACH, SCH
Message bits

Fire code & tail

184 228

Convolutional
228 456

Block rectangular interleaving out: pairs of sub-blocks

Interleaved bits

Encryption Unit

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Bit Rate after Channel coding: input = 260 bits Output = 456 bits

Bit Rate = 456 bits / 20 ms = 22.8

Kbps

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Speech Processing Flow

20 ms Digitizing & Source Coding Channel Coding

22.8 Kbps

time

13 Kbps

Interleaving

GMSK Modulation

TDMA Burst

22.8 Kbps

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Interleaving

speech

20 ms
speech coder
260

20 ms
speech coder
260

channel encoding
456 bit

channel encoding
456 bit

D D D D D D D D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

D D D D D D D D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

interleaving

stream of time slots (only one time sent over one frame)
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Basic Interleaving Process

Speech Blocks

57 bits

57 bits

57 bits

57 bits

57 bits

57 bits

57 bits

57 bits

Training Sequence (Midamble)

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Details of interleaving process

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 . . 452 453 454 455

0 8 16 . . . . 448

1 9 17 . . . .

2 10 18 . . . .

3 11 19 . . . .

4 12 20 . . . .

5 13 21 . . . .

6 14 22 . . . .

7 15 23 . . . .

57 Rows

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57

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Details of interleaving process

A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57

C B C B C B C B .
57

B C B .
57

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TDMA BURST
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Single frame

Out of first 20msec

tail

Out of second 20msec

data tail Guard 26 bit
(training)

normal burst

data

57 bit

57 bit

8.25

156.25 bits
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Speech Processing Flow

20 ms

time

Digitizing & Source Coding

13 Kbps

Channel Coding

22.8 Kbps

Interleaving

Air
GMSK Modulation TDMA Burst

270.833 Kbps

33.8 Kbps

22.8 Kbps

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Bit Rate at the Air Interface:

1 burst = 156.25 bits 1 burst period = 0.577 ms

Bit Rate = (156.25 bits) / (0.577 ms) = 270.8333 Kbps

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Signalling Layer in BSS

- Physical Layer - Link Layer - Network Layer

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Physical Layer - This Layer is responsible for the the error free transfer of physical data units. It defines the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the transmission path. - Air Interface ( Radio Path @ 270.833 Kbps) - Abis, Ater & A Interface (2.048 Mbps CEPT data stream, E1)

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The Link Layer

- The function of this Layer is to delimit frames and then transfer them between two nodes with a guaranteed low level of undetected errors. - Its tasks include opening, maintaining and closing a connection between two nodes.
- Abis Interface (LAPD) - Air Interface (LAPDm) - A Interface (MTP & SCCP)
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The Network Layer - The network Layer isolates the higher levels from the routing and connection tasks. - It is responsible for getting the message to its destination through an arbitrary network topology.

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The Applications - This is the actual dialogue between the network elements which uses the services of the lower layers. - MS-MSC (DTAP) - DTAP (MM & CM) - BTS-BSC (RR & BTSM) - BSC-MSC (BSSMAP)

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Message Transfer Part, MTP

Level 1 Signalling Data Link Level - It defines the physical, electrical and functional characteristics of a signalling link and the physical interface towards the transmission media.
Level 2 Signalling Link Level - It defines a message structure, frraming, error detection and correction and allignment procedures. - This provides reliable transfer of signalling messages between two neighbors.

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Three different Signalling units used in MTP L2:

1. MSU (Message Signalling Unit) - this carries messages from higher layers
2. LSSU (Line Status Signalling Unit) - it is used in the initial alignment procedure when setting up a link. Once alligned, it is used to inform the far end about failures and congestion on the link.

3. FISU (Fill in Signal Unit) - this message is transmitted in the link if there is no LLSU or MSU to send.
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Level 3 Signallling network level a. Message handling which includes routing of outgoing and transfer messages to a neighboring node, and the distribution of incoming messages to the respective user part of its own node. b. Network Management which provides all necessary procedures for using the signalling network in an optimized and fault tolerant way.

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Link Access Protocol on D-channel (LAPD)

- this is the GSM layer 2 protocol between the BSC and the BTS.

2 Types of LAPD Signalling Link: 1. BCFSIG used for downloading the BTS software from the BSC and for configuration and monitoring purposes. 2. TRXSIG is used for telecom signalling which involves call set-up, measurements, power control, etc..

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LAPD Frame Format

8 bits

16 bits

8/16 bits

Up to 260 octets

16 bits

8 bits

Flag Address Control

Information

FCS Flag

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Flag - The flag delimits the beginning and end of a frame, and consists of the following bit pattern:

- 01111110
Address

6
SAPI

1
C/R

1
0 1

TEI

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The SAPI, Service Point Identifier is used to identify BCFSIG (=62), TRXSIG (=0) and SMS (=3).

The C/R bit indicates whether the frame is a command or a response

TEI, Terminal End Point Identifier identifies a specific connection endpoint. TEI for BCFSIG is 1. Each TRX has a different TEI depending on the Logical I D of the TRX NOT the Physical address.

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Control The control field is 16 bits and the contents change depending on the purpose of the frame which can be information, supervisory or unnumbered.

Information Data contains up to 260 data octets.

FCS (Frame Check Sequence) The FCS defined by ITU-T is used for error detection.

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LAPDm - This is a modified LAPD protocol. - The FCS is not required in the LAPDm frame as error detection. - The use of flags to delimit the the start and stop frames is not necessary due to the ready-made blocks of the physical layer.
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 21 or 23 octets

Address Control Length

Information

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Address field

SAPI

C/R EA

SAPI = 0 , Mobility Management, Call Control and Radio Resource messages = 3 , for SMS

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Information - Fixed length of 23 0ctets. - for SACCH only 21 octets is used because 2 octets will be used for power control and timing advance - Unused octets are filled with a default pattern (00101011) - Segmentation and reassembly is used for too long messages. It uses a MORE bit in the message header.

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