Ch 5

Microbial Metabolism

Objectives:
Differentiate between, anabolism, and catabolism. Identify the components of an enzyme and describe the mechanism of enzymatic action. List the factors that influence enzymatic activity. Explain what is meant by oxidationreduction. Describe the chemical reactions of glycolysis. Explain the products of the Krebs cycle. Describe the chemiosmotic model for ATP generation. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Describe the chemical reactions and some products of fermentation. Categorize the various nutritional patterns among organisms according to energy and carbon source.

Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions

Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Catabolism: Provides energy and building blocks for anabolism. Anabolism: Uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules

Role of ATP in Coupling Reactions

A metabolic pathway is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell. Metabolic pathways are determined by enzymes, which are encoded by genes.

Fig 5.1

Collision Theory
states that chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide Activation energy is needed to disrupt electronic configurations

Reaction rate is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction. Reaction rate can be increased by enzymes or by increasing temperature or pressure

Enzymes lower Activation Energy

Compare to Fig 5.2

Fig 5.3

Enzymes
Biological catalysts; specific; not used up in that reaction Enzyme components:
Apoenzymes, Cofactors, Holoenzymes Coenzymes (NAD+, NADP+, FAD)

Naming of enzymes (see Table 5.1): Lactate dehydrogenase; Cytochrome oxidase; ligase, transferase etc.

Mechanism of Enzymatic Reactions

Compare to Fig 5.4

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

Enzymes can be denatured by temperature and pH

Fig 5.5c Fig 5.6

Substrate concentration influencing enzyme activity

Inhibitors
Noncompetitive Competitive vs allosteric inhibitors inhibitors

Fig 5.7

Sulfa drugs

Feedback Inhibition
Also known as endproduct inhibition Controls amount of substance produced by a cell

Mechanism is allosteric inhibition

Fig 5.8

Energy Production: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation = removal of e
Reduction = gain of e
-

Redox reaction =
oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction.

Fig 5.9

Oxidation-Reduction cont.
In biological systems, the electrons are often associated with hydrogen atoms. Biological oxidations are often dehydrogenations.

Fig 5.10

The Generation of Phosphorylation: ATP

1. Substrate level phosphorylation: transfer of a highenergy PO4 to ADP. 2. Oxidative phosphorylation: transfer of electrons from one compound to another is used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis.

Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production: COH Catabolism

Cellular respiration Fermentation

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

The three steps of aerobic respiration

1. Glycolysis (oxidation of _____ to ______) 2. Krebs cycle (oxidation of acetyl CoA to ___) 3. Oxidative phosphorylation (e- transport chain)

Glycolysis
Multi step breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

Generates small amount of ATP (how many?) small amount of reducing power (?)
Alternative pathways: Pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff

The Steps of Glycolysis

Compare to Fig. 5.12

 Other names?

Krebs Cycle

Transition step generates acetyl-CoA from pyruvate (decarboxylation) Acetyl group of acetylCoA enters TCA cycle Generates ATP and reducing power

Generates precursor metabolites

Krebs Cycle

Compare to Fig 5.13

Electron Transport Chain

Formed by series of electron carriers (cytochromes) located in ___________ Oxidation/Reduction reactions. Electron carriers (reducing power) from glycolysis and TCA cycle transfer their electrons to the electron transport chain Generates proton gradient or proton motive force (pmf)

In chemiosmosis, pmf generates energy via oxidative

phosphorylation

Electron Transport and the Chemiosmotic Generation of ATP

Fig. 5.16

Overview of Respiration and Fermentation

Foundation Figure Fig 5.11

Fig 5.17

Anaerobic Respiration
Inorganic molecule is final electron acceptor, e.g.:
NO3
-

2SO4

ATP yield lower than in aerobic respiration because only part of Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions.

Fermentation
Any spoilage of food by microorganisms (general use) Any process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products (general use) Any large-scale microbial process occurring with or without air (common definition used in industry)

Scientific definition: Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC

Energy yield low

(see Table 5.4) Diversity of end products: _____________________

The Relationship of Fermentation to Glycolysis

Not in book Also view Fig 5.18

Location of Carbohydrate Catabolism

Pathway
Glycolysis Intermediate step Krebs cycle ETC

Eukaryote

Prokaryote

Energy produced from complete oxidation of one glucose molecule using aerobic respiration
Pathway
Glycolysis Intermediate step Krebs cycle

ATP Produced

NADH Produced

FADH2 Produced

Total

ATP produced from complete oxidation of one glucose using aerobic respiration
By Oxidative Phosphorylation From NADH Glycolysis Intermediate step Krebs cycle Total From FADH

Pathway

By Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Carbohydrate Catabolism
36 ATPs are produced in eukaryotes
Pathway By Substrate-Level Phosphorylation 2 0 2 4 By Oxidative Phosphorylation From NADH Glycolysis Intermediate step Krebs cycle Total 6 6 18 30 4 4 From FADH 0

Catabolism of Other Compounds

Polysaccharides and disaccharides
Amylases for digestion of ___________ (very common)

Cellulase for digestion of cellulose (only bacteria and fungi have this enzyme)
Disaccharidases

Lipid catabolism not covered

Protein Catabolism
Protein
Extracellular proteases

Amino acids

Deamination, decarboxylation, dehydrogenation, desulfurylation

Organic acid

Krebs cycle

Decarboxylation

Biochemical Tests and Bacterial Identification: Fermentation Tests

Different species produce different enzymes test detects enzyme Mannitol Fermentation:

Metabolic Diversity among Organisms

Energy source: Phototrophs vs. Chemotrophs
Principal carbon source: Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

Chemoheterotrophs use same organic

compound as energy source and carbon source. Most medically important bacteria. Saprophytes vs. parasites

Anabolic Pathways
Biosynthesis not covered, except for Protein biosynthesis (see Ch 8)