Group 1

Aborca, Camille Dreu, John Michael Cabuang, Marvin

Acidic when ph value < 7 Basic when ph value > 7

Arrhenius Acid- substance that produces H+ Base- substance that produces OH Bronsted-Lowry Acid- substance that donates proton Base- substance that can accept proton Lewis Acid- substance that can form a covalent bond by accepting an e- pair from a base. Base- substance that has an unshared e- pair which it can form a covalent bond.

X (urea, diluted acetic acid,glycine,aniline,butanol, diethyl ether, phenylhydrazine and glycerol) compound.

pH meter/pH paper

pH value/pH color

: Data and Observation

Compounds 1. Urea 2. Dil. Acetic Acid 3. Glycine 4.Aniline 5. Butanol 6.Diethyl ether 7. Phenylhydrazine 8. Glycerol pH meter pH paper

1. Differentiate Acid and Bases.

Lewis(Organic Chemistry) Acid- substance that can form a covalent bond by accepting an e- pair from a base. Base- substance that has an unshared e- pair which it can form a covalent bond.
2. How will you determine experimentally whether an organic compound is acidic or basic? By using pH Meter or pH paper Acidic when ph value < 7 Basic when ph value > 7

 We can determine whether a substance is an acid or base experimentally by using pH meter or pH paper . Acidic substance has a pH value of <7 while Basic substance has pH value of >7.

Carboxylic acids are characterized by the carboxyl group which combines the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones with the hydroxyl group of alcohols and phenols. Since the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups are directly bonded to each other each affects the properties of the other. The result is that the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is considerably, but not completely, different from its alcohol or phenol sibling; the same can be said when one compares the carbonyl of a carboxylic acid with that of an aldehyde or ketone.

Test for Carboxylic Acids

A. Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide Carboxylic Acids are soluble in 5% NaOH RCOOH + NaOH RCOO-Na+ + H2O

B. Reaction with NaHCO3 Because of their enhanced acidity, carboxylic acids react with bases to form ionic salts. In this reaction, carboxylic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce alkali salt, carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is shown in the diagram below:

C. Ferric Chloride Test To test for acetate anion, the reaction with ferric chloride is used 3CH3COO- Na+ + FeCl3 Fe(CH3COO)3 + 3 NaCl D. Tollens test Tollens test, also known as silver-mirror test, is a qualitative laboratory test used to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone. It exploits the fact that aldehydes are readily oxidized, whereas ketones are not. Tollens test uses a reagent known as Tollens reagent, which is a colorless, basic, aqueous solution containing silver ions coordinated to ammonia [Ag(NH3)2+].

E. Esterification Carboxylic acids are esterified with alcohols or phenols in the presence of a mineral acid such as concentrated H2SO4 or HCl gas as a catalyst. Mechanism of esterification of carboxylic acids: The esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols is a kind of nucleophilic acyl substitution. Protonation of the carbonyl oxygen activates the carbonyl group towards nucleophilic addition of the alcohol. Proton transfer in the tetrahedral intermediate converts the hydroxyl group into +OH group, which, being a better leaving group, is eliminated as neutral water 2 molecule. The protonated ester so formed finally loses a proton to give the ester.

F. Hydrolysis of Esters This is the usual way of hydrolysing esters. The ester is heated under reflux with a dilute alkali like sodium hydroxide solution.

A. 1.Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide

2. Reaction with Benzoic Acid

B. 1. Reaction with Sodium Bicarbonate

2. Reaction with Phenol

Insoluble

C. Ferric Chloride Test

D. TollensTest

E. Esterification Reaction

3. Hydrolysis of Esters

: Data and Observations

Test Solution
A.) Reaction with NaOH 1.) acetic acid 2.) benzoic acid 1.) acetic acid 2.) phenol 1.) acetic acid

Results
1.) Soluble 2.) Soluble 1.) Soluble 2.) Insoluble The sol. Turns brown and produced orange precipitates No silver mirror formed.

B.) Reaction with NaHCO3 C.) Ferric Chloride test

D.) Tollens test

1.) acetic acid

E.) Esterification
D.) Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate

1.) acetic acid

1.) acetic acid

Smells like plastic balloons.

NaOAc and methanol

1.) Why is esterification reaction acid catalyze?

; Protonation of the carbonyl makes it more electrophilic.

2.) How will you distinguish strong and weak organic acids? ;The more stable its conjugate base the higher its acidity.(resonance) 3.)Why is acetic acid soluble in water? ; Because it is capable of Hydrogen bonding.

If we talk about the solubility, there will be a big difference with the carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids containing up to four carbons are soluble in water. Beyond four carbons solubility decreases rapidly. This situation is similar to that of alcohols. When the carboxylic acid has a small hydrocarbon tail the ability of the carboxyl group to hydrogen bond with water causes the acid to be soluble. As the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail grows in size, however, the acids become less soluble. As is the case with alcohols, the boiling points of carboxylic acids increase with molecular weight. As the boiling point increases the volatility decreases.