Urinary System

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 Removes waste Maintains acid-base

balance of body Parts include:

2 KIDNEYS 2 URETERS BLADDER

URETHRA

 2 bean shaped organs Protected by ribs and fat

Each kidney is found in mass of fatty tissue

(adipose capsule) 2 main sections:

Cortex: outer layer, contains most of the

neurons that aid in production of urine Medulla: inner layer, contains most of tubes that carry urine from the nephrons through the kidneys

Nephrons
Microscopic filtering

units Over 1 million/kidney Contains glomerulus

Cluster of capillaries that

filter waste

Bowmans capsule
Surround glomerulus

picks up filtered materials and passes it to the convoluted tubule Substances needed by the body are reabsorbed and returned to the capillaries

Nephrons
At the end, most of the

water, sugar, vitamins and salts have been reabsorbed Excess salts, water, wastes remain in the tubule and become urine Urine enters collecting ducts (tubes) in the medulla Collecting tubes empty into the renal pelvis (first section of the ureter)

Ureters
2 muscular tubes 10-12 inches long One extends from the renal pelvis to the

bladder Peristalsis: a wavelike motion of the involuntary muscle that moves urine through the ureter from the kidney to the bladder

Bladder
Hollow muscular sac

Lining folds called rugae

disappears as muscles of bladder allow it to expand and fill with urine

3 layers of visceral muscle Urge to void occurs when

bladder contains 1 cup

Circular sphincter muscle
Control bladder opening Cant be controlled by infants

FUNCTIONS: Receives urine from ureters Stores urine until eliminated from body

Urethra
Tube carries urine from bladder to outside External opening called meatus Different in male/females
Females shorter
Opens in front of vagina or

passes through the penis Male: carries both urine from urinary system and semen from the reproductive system

 Liquid waste 95% water

Urine

1 - 2 quarts produced daily

Excreting waste products
Urea

Creatinine
Uric acid

The Concentration of components in a urine sample depends on osmotic movement of water

Normal Urine Is a clear, sterile solution, yellow color (pigment urobilin) generated in kidneys

5 Homeostatic Functions of Urinary System

Regulate blood volume and blood pressure:
by adjusting volume of water lost in urine releasing erythropoietin and renin

Regulate plasma ion concentrations:

sodium, potassium, and chloride ions (by controlling

quantities lost in urine) calcium ion levels (through synthesis of calcitriol)

Help stabilize blood pH:

by controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
in urine

5 Homeostatic Functions of Urinary System

Conserve valuable nutrients:

by preventing excretion while excreting organic
waste products

Assist liver to detoxify poisons

Blood Supply of the Kidney

Approximately of the total blood supply of the body

passes through the kidneys each minute Renal artery branches inside the kidney Venous blood leaves the cortex and medulla Small veins join the renal vein

Acidosis
Lactic acidosis:
develops after exhaustive muscle activity (bulging muscles can cut off blood supply) due to anaerobic respiration

Ketoacidosis:
Lower blood pH, higher acid, due to presence of ketones
develops in starvation or diabetes Body does not have sufficient glucose/glycogen to sustain

metabolic activity

Muscle loss can occur - dieting

How do the Kidneys control of Blood pH?

By H+ removal and bicarbonate production at kidneys

ADH antidiuretic hormone

Hormone causes special water channels to appear

Increases rate of osmotic water movement

Higher levels of ADH increases:

number of water channels water permeability of ducts and collecting system

No ADH, water is not reabsorbed

All fluid reaching ducts is lost in urine producing large amounts of dilute urine

The Hypothalamus
Continuously secretes low levels of ADH: At normal ADH levels:
collecting system reabsorbs 16,800 ml fluid/ day

(9.3% of filtrate)

A healthy adult produces:

1200 ml urine per day (0.6% of filtrate)

excess urination Key Terms Oliguria: below normal urination Anuria: absence of urination Hematuria: blood in urine Nocturia: urination at night Dysuria: painful urination Retention: inability to empty bladder Incontinence: involuntary urination

Polyuria:

 Inflammation of the bladder More common in females due to shortness of urethra

Symptoms: Frequent urination Dysuria and burning Bladder spasm Hematuria ? Fever ? Treatment: Antibiotics and increased fluid intake

Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomerulus Usually follows strep infection Can be acute or chronic Symptoms: hematuria, hypertension, edema, fatigue, congestive heart failure, renal failure, death Treatment: treat symptoms
Low salt diet, high blood pressure medicine, dialysis,

transplant

Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of kidney tissue and renal pelvis Usually caused by pus forming bacteria

Symptoms: chills, fever, back pain, dysuria, hematuria and pyuria

Treatment: antibiotics, increased fluid intake

Renal Calculi
Kidney stone formed when salts in urine settle Small stones can be eliminated in urine Large stones may become lodged Symptoms: sudden pain, hematuria and retention Treatment: increase fluids, pain meds, strain urine w/ gauze, lithotripsy, possible surgery

Renal Failure
Kidneys stop functioning Acute
Caused by injury, poisoning, dehydration Prompt treatment leads to good prognosis

Chronic
Progressive loss of kidney function caused by

glomerulonephritis, hypertension, toxins and endocrine disease. Waste accumulates and affects body systems

Uremia
Toxic condition where urinary waste is in bloodstream Caused from any condition that affects proper

function of kidneys Symptoms: n/v, ammonia breath, anuria, headache and confusion, coma/death Treatment: restrictive diet, dialysis, transplant

Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
Caused by bacteria, viruses or chemicals Symptoms: painful urination, redness, itching at

meatus, ?discharge Treatment: sitz baths or warm compresses, antibiotics, increased fluid intake