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Network Model
Network Model is conceptual structure which shows how various parts are fit together and work together to transmit data. Network model is categorized into two types:1. ISO-OSI Reference Model 2. TCP/IP Reference Model / Internet Model
An ISO standard develop the model that covers all aspects of network communication called as Open System Interconnection (OSI) model.
The designing of the OSI model is based on the proposal developed by ISO as first step towards international standardization of protocol used in various layers.
The OSI is an abstract model of how network protocols and equipment should communicate and work together (interoperate).
Also Known As: Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, OSI seven layer model
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The OSI Model is a model that illustrates how data communications should take place.
The short form used to memorize the layer names of the OSI Model is All People Seem To Need Data Processing.
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The OSI model defines internetworking in terms of a vertical stack of seven layers. The upper layers of the OSI model represent software that implements network services like encryption and connection management. The lower layers of the OSI model implement more primitive, hardware-oriented functions like routing, addressing, and flow control.
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Layers in the OSI model are ordered from lowest level to highest. Together, these layers comprise the OSI stack. The stack contains seven layers in two groups: Upper layers 7. application 6. presentation 5. session Lower layers 4. transport 3. network 2. data link
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In the OSI model, 1. Data communication starts with the top layer at the sending side, 2. Travels down the OSI model stack to the bottom layer, 3. Then traverses the network connection to the bottom layer on the receiving side, and up its OSI model stack.
Examples
Lower layers of the OSI model are represented by technologies like Ethernet. Higher layers of the OSI model are represented by application protocols like TCP and UDP. Internet Protocol (IP) corresponds to the Network layer of the OSI model, layer three. TCP and UDP correspond to OSI model layer four, the Transport layer.
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User
User
Application Layer
Application Layer
L7 data
L7 data
To Presentation Layer
X.400
FTAM
X.500
X.400
FTAM
X.500
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From Application layer To Application layer
L7 data
L7 data
Presentation Layer
H6
Presentation Layer
H6
L6 data
L6 data
To Session Layer
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From Presentation layer To Presentation Layer L6 data L6 data
Session Layer
H5
Session Layer
H5
Syn
Syn
L5 data
L5 data
To Transport Layer
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1. Delivering messages between networked hosts. 2. The Transport Layer should be responsible for fragmentation and reassembly.
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From Session layer To Session layer
L5 data
L5 data
Transport Layer H4 H4 H4
Transport Layer H4 H4 H4
L4 data
L4 data
L4 data
L4 data
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1. Establishing paths for data transfer through the network. 2. Routers operate at the Network Layer.
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T2 Data A B 10 87 Trailer Source Physical Address Destination Physical Address Source Logical Address Destination Logical Address
To Transport layer
L4 data
L4 data
Network Layer
H3
H3
Packet
L3 data
To Data Link Layer
L3 data
From Data Link Layer
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The Data Link Layer of the OSI model is responsible for :1. Communications between adjacent network nodes. 2. Hubs and switches operate at the Data Link Layer.
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Trailer
T2
10
87
Destination Address
To network layer
L3 data
L3 data
T2
H2 Frame
T2
H2 Frame
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From data link layer To data link layer
L2 data
L2 data
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
10101000010
10101000010
Transmission Medium
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3. The OSI model also makes network designs more extensible as new protocols and other network services are generally easier to add to a layered architecture than to a monolithic one.
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Each interface defines what information and services a layer must provide for the layer above it.
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Layers 5, 6 and 7 session, presentation and application can be thought of as the user support layers: they allow interoperability among unrelated software systems. The upper OSI layers are almost always implemented in software; lower layers are combination of hardware and software, except for the physical layer, which is mostly hardware.
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Goal: to connect multiple networks together in seamless way. Architecture is TCP/IP. TCP/IP is the communication protocol for communication between computers on the Internet. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. TCP/IP defines how electronic devices (like computers) should be connected to the Internet, and how data should be transmitted between them. 32
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TCP/IP is TCP and IP working together. TCP takes care of the communication between your application software (i.e. your browser) and your network software. IP takes care of the communication with other computers.
TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and for assembling the packets when they arrive.
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IP is responsible for sending the packets to the correct destination. IP corresponds to the Network layer (Layer 3) in the OSI model, whereas TCP corresponds to the Transport layer (Layer 4) in OSI. In other words, the term TCP/IP refers to network communications where the TCP transport is used to deliver data across IP networks.
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The model is composed of five ordered Layers:
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Physical Layer
At the time of transmitting message the message uses intermediate nodes at lower layers.
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Host-to-network Layer
Layer is developed by combining physical layer and data link layer. In addition to OSI model functionality, it adds a special protocol which helps to send IP packets over it.
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Transport Layer
It is designed to allow peer entities on the source and destination hosts to carry on conversations; the same as in the OSI transport Layer. Two end-to-end protocols have been defined here. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User datagram Protocol).
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It fragments the incoming byte stream into discrete messages and passes each one onto the internet layer. At the destination, the receiving TCP process reassembles the received messages into the output stream.
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TCP also handles flow control to synchronize senders and receivers clock. TCP/IP is not really a protocol, but a set of protocols a protocol stack, as it is most commonly called.
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Application Layer
It consists of all higher-level protocols. The early ones included virtual terminal (TELNET), file transfer (FTP) and electronic mail (SMTP) protocols.
The TELNET allows user on one machine to log into a distant machine and work there. The FTP provides a way to move data efficiently from one machine to another.
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Electronic mail was originally just a kind of file transfer, but later a specialized protocol was developed for it. Many other protocols have been added to these, such as Domain Name Server (DNS) for mapping host names onto their network addresses, NNTP to move news articles around and HTTP to fetch pages on the World Wide Web.
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Protocols
IP- Internet Protocol PPP - Point to point protocol DNS - Domain Name Service ARP - Address resolution protocol ICMP - Internet control message protocol RARP - Reverse address resolution protocol SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol FTP - File Transfer Protocol DHCP - Dynamic host configuration protocol NNTP- Network News Transfer Protocol RIP-Routing Information Protocol IGMP- Internet Group Management Protocol
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Addressing
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols: 1. Physical (link) addresses, 2. Logical (IP) addresses, 3. Port addresses, and 4. Specific addresses
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Physical Addresses
Physical addresses also known as link addresses. It is the address of a node defined by its LAN or WAN. It is included in the frame used by the data link layer. It is the lowest-level address. These addresses in a network model have authority over the network (LAN or WAN).
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The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the network. For example, Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit) physical address that is imprinted on the network interface card (NIC). LocalTalk (Apple), however, has a 1-byte dynamic address that changes each time the station comes up.
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In Fig. a node with physical address 10 in a network model sends a frame to a node with physical address 87 . The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN).
At the data link layer in network model, this frame contains physical (link) addresses in the header. These are the only addresses needed.
The rest of the header contains other information needed at this level.
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The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error detection. The computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver. The data link layer in network model at the sender receives data from an upper layer in a network model. It encapsulates the data in a frame, adding a header and a trailer.
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The header, among other pieces of information, carries the receiver and the sender's physical (link) addresses. Note that in most data link protocols in a network model, the destination address, 87 in this case, comes before the source address (10 in this case). Fig. shows a bus topology for an isolated LAN. In a bus topology, the frame is propagated in both directions (left and right).
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The frame propagated to the left dies when it reaches the end of the cable if the cable end is terminated appropriately. The frame propagated to the right is sent to every station on the network model. Each station with a physical addresses other than 87 drops the frame because the destination address in the frame does not match its own physical address.
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The intended destination computer, however, finds a match between the destination address in the frame and its own physical address. The frame is checked, the header and trailer are dropped, and the data part is decapsulated and delivered to the upper layer in the network model.
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Logical Addresses
Logical addresses in a network model are necessary for universal communications that are independent of underlying physical networks. Physical addresses in a network model are not adequate in an internetwork environment where different networks can have different address formats.
A universal addressing system is needed in which each host can be identified uniquely, regardless of the underlying physical network.
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A logical address in the Internet is currently a 32-bit address that can uniquely define a host connected to the Internet. No two publicly addressed and visible hosts on the Internet can have the same IP address.
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Fig. shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each connection. In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to three network models So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each connection.
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Port Addresses
The IP address and the physical address in a network model are necessary for a quantity of data to travel from a source to the destination host. However, arrival at the destination host is not the final objective of data communications on the Internet. Today, computers are devices that can run multiple processes at the same time.
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The end objective of Internet communication is a process communicating with another process. For example, computer A can communicate with computer C by using TELNET. At the same time, computer A communicates with computer B by using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). For these processes to receive data simultaneously, we need a method to label the different processes.
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In other words, they need addresses. In the TCP/IP network model architecture, the label assigned to a process is called a port address.
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Specific Addresses
Some applications have user-friendly addresses that are designed for that specific address. Examples include the e-mail address (for example, networkmodel@network.edu) and the Universal Resource Locator (URL) (for example, www.network-model.com). The first defines the recipient of an e-mail, the second is used to find a document on the World Wide Web.
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Addresses, however, get changed to the corresponding port and logical addresses by the sending computer in a network model.
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