If you compress a gas in a pump, it becomes hotter,

and if you release the pressure of this gas, it cools

I pump,
therefore I am
An animal, or a human body, for example, emits
some infrared radiation that can be detected
by an infrared camera

Color is related to temperature

Dicke and Gamov, two physicists, calculated
independently in 1946 and 1948, that as the Universe
has cooled, we should be able to detect microwave
radiation throughout the sky …

I’m Gamov

I’m Dicke
 Long Low
wave- temperature
-length
Max Planck, another physicist,
had given the explanation of the
shape of the radiation in 1900

The colder the body,

the longer the wavelenght
But, in 1964, the radiation predicted by Gamov
was finally detected, with this antenna …

antenna

Penzias
Wilson

… by Penzias and Wilson, two physicists

from the Bell labs, who got the Nobel prize in 1978
In fact, the snow that one can see on an untuned TV
is also due in part to that radiation emitted by the
Universe as it was just 380,000 years old !

We’ve a lot of
work today !
Original temperature of the radiation : 3000 K
Today, it is only 3 K
The cooling says how far the light has travelled
13,7 billion years : the age of the Universe
In 1992, the COBE satelite (Cosmic Background explorer)
gave the first image of the radiation

COBE was launched on November 18, 1989

In 1992, the COBE satelite (Cosmic Background explorer)
gave the first image of the radiation

 Before correction of the Earth

movement around the Sun

 Before correction of the microwave

radiation emitted by our own galaxy

 The final image of the microwave

Radiation
In 2003, the WMAP satelite gave a better resolution
of the small fluctuations of temperature
(WMAP = Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe)

WMAP was launched on June 30, 2001

Whereever it looked, WMAP measured the same data.
So, the big-bang must have taken place at the same
time everywhere
But we can also observe small fluctuations of
temperature, that may have lead to the formation of
the galaxies
Small fluctuations, compared to these at the surface
of the Earth !
To know more about the blackbody spectrum :

Back to the begining

Where does the matter of the universe come
from?

1 proton for every 1,000,000,000 photons

How did structures in the universe form?

Ripples + Dark Matter

 E = mc 2

Mass is just condensed energy

Albert Einstein, 1905

E → m
What was the origin of this early matter (and
antimatter) in the Early Universe?

Early Universe
Size: a → 0
Age: t → 0
Temperature: T → very large
T ~ 1/a, t ~ 1/T2
Energies: E ~ T
 Based on Einstein’s Relativity + Dirac’s
Quantum Theory + Feynman’s description in
Quantum Field Theory
We conclude:

Every particle has an antiparticle

 Why do we not see this in our evidence?

Dirac predicted the existance of antimatter in 1928

He predicted antimatter would have the same mass but
opposite internal properties of matter
1957: particles and antiparticles spinning in same
direction behave differently
1964: CP violation shown in weak decays of K0 mesons
indicating matter does not behave exactly as
antimatter.
Current evidence suggests:
Because of asymmetry, almost all particles and
antiparticles were annihilated except for
a small number of particles
 Density Budget of the Early Universe

● Total Density ~ critical

Theory of inflation, measurement

of microwave background: ΩTot = ~ 1

● Baryon Density small

Big-Bang nucleosynthesis, CMB:

ΩBaryons ~ few %
 The Density Budget of the Universe
● Total Density ~ critical
Theory of inflation, measurement of microwave
background: ΩTot = ~ 1

● Baryon Density small

Big-Bang nucleosynthesis, CMB:
ΩBaryons ~ few %

● Total Matter Density much larger

Clusters of galaxies
Ωmatter ~ 25%

● Mainly cold dark matter

Enables structure formation
What caused the formation of the structures
of the universe and what was the origin of
masses and forces?

Evidence indicates that as the universe cooled

after the Big Bang….
These particles began to cluster….
And in these clusters developed patterns….
Such as quarks….
And atoms
 How do these particles stay together to
form structure?

FORCES

Standard Model: Gravity, Electromagnetic,

Strong and Weak
 Two Theories describe the forces:
Quantum Electrodynamics and
Quantum Chromodynamics.

Quantum Electrodynamics (QED):

Electric charge Atoms Molecules

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD):

Colour charge Baryons Nucleus
 At current resolution we see the universe as
it was ~ 380,000 years after the ‘Big Bang”

B I G
What will we
see next? B A N G
Perhaps…..