Fits and Tolerances

Shahid Mehmud blooming_tears@yahoo.com

 Fit is a general term used to signify the range of

Fits

looseness or tightness of mating parts. It is the relationship that exists between two mating parts, a hole and shaft with respect to their dimensional difference before assembly. Fits will be applied to plain cylindrical parts such as sleeves, bearings, pump wearing rings,and other non threaded round parts that fit together.

Types of fits
1.Clearence Fits:
It is a an internal member fits in an external member and always leaves a space or clearance between the parts. In the fig the min. air space is 0.002This is the allowance and is always positive in a clearance fit.

2. Interference fit:It is a fit which always provides interference. The internal member is larger than the external member such that there is always an actual interference of material. This interference is the allowance, and in an interference fit it is always negative. e.g.

3. Transition fit:It is a fit which may sometimes provides clearance and sometimes interference. It may result in either a clearance or interference condition. In the figure, the smallest shaft 1.2503 will fit in the largest hole 1.2506, with 0.003 to spare. But the largest shaft, 1.2509 will have to be forced into the smallest hole, 1.2500with an interference of metal of 0.009.

Limits and Fits Classification

H11-c11 Extra loose running fit

Provides a large clearance. Gives easy assembly. H9-d10 Loose running fit Used where ease of assembly is required (e.g. pulleys) H9-e9 Easy running fit Suitable for smaller parts, e.g. camshafts etc. H8-f7 Normal running fit Good quality fit which can be easily produced. H7-g6 Close running or Location fit Expensive to produce. H7-h6 Precision slide or Location fit Precision Slides with good lubrication under constant Temp. H7-k6 Push or easy keyring fit Location of parts which are not dismantled often. H7-n6 Tight keyring fit Tight assembly of long parts where H7-k6 isnt sufficient.

Limits and Fits Classification

H7-p6 Light drive fit

Used to secure steel parts. Dismantel & renewal required. H7-s6 Heavy drive fit Permanent assembly of ferrous parts. Shrunk-fit required.

Standards for sliding and running fits(Hole Basis)

Advantages & Disadvantages of fits

Advantages:-

1. Time for the manufacture of components is reduced. 2. The cost of pieces is reduced. 3. Spare parts can be quickly made available. Disadvantages:1. Special purpose machines are necessary. 2. Jigs and Fixtures are needed. 3. Gauges are to be used instead of conventional precision instrument. 4. Initial expenditure will be very high

Tolerance
The unwanted but acceptable deviation from the desired

dimension. The variation in the given dimension that can be tolerated either on the part or its position. It is the difference between the maximum and the minimum limits for the dimension. Tolerances are used to define the limits of the allowed variation. It is the total amount that a specific dimension is permitted to vary. Tolerances are needed to control the dimension of any two mating parts so that they may be interchangeable. For example a dimension given as 1.625 .002 means that the manufactured part may be 1.627 or 1.623, or anywhere between these limit dimension

Two rules of tolerance.

i) limit should be set close enough to allow functioning of the assembled parts. ii) limit should be set as wide as functionally possible to avert un-necessary expense as the closer the tolerance the greater the expense.

General tolerance
1. If the tolerances are not given then general tolerance is assumed. 2. .005 is a usual tolerance assumed by all shops. 3.A tolerance of .001 is considered fairly tight and will cost a lot more to produce.

Tolerances and Fits

Deviations from the exact dimensions are inavoidable

due to the nature of manufacturing processes. These deviations must not be so large that the part is useless. Designer specifies upper and lower limits to the dimensions. Tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum size limits of a part. It is always positive and is expressed only as a number without a sign. Too tight tolerance High manufacturing cost Too large tolerance Part may not function as expected

Tolerance

d d max d min
dmin

dmax d

Specifications of Tolerances
Several methods have been approved for

expressing tolerance : 1. Limit Dimensioning: The high limit is placed above the low limit.(preffered method)

 In single-line note form, the low limit precedes the

high limit separated by a dash

2.Plus-or-minus Dimensioning: Unilateral Tolerance Bilateral Tolerance

Thanks