STRESS

STR ES S
 Upset feeling
 Source of a stimulus for their feeling upset

 Stress-
is a state produced by a change in
the environment that is perceived as
challenging, threatening or damaging to
the persons dynamic equilibrium.
 ADAPTATION – The body’s adjustment to
different circumstances and condition.

 STRESSORS – Agents or factors that

challenges the adaptive capacities of an
individual and place a strain upon the
person that may result in a stress reaction
and illness.
 SOURCES OF STRESSORS
1. Envir onment al
2. Ph ysi cal
3. Ps ycho lo gic
4. Emo tio nal
5. Soc iol ogi c
 5 GENERAL STATEMENTS ABOUT
STRESSORS:
1. Stressors affect different people in different
ways:

Factors:
 The stressors itself
 The limitations and potential of the individual
for dealing with stress
 Stressors have more meaning and importance
in the lives of some individual than in the lives
of others.
2. Whenever people encounter stress from
whatever source they attempt to adopt to it.
3. Any one stressor is in itself, a source of a new
stressors
4. No one stressor can by itself cause a disease.
5. Stress of whatever nature if too prolonged and
severe can eventually overwhelmed any
person, no matter how well developed the
persons adaptive capabilities are.
 TYPE S O F STR ESSORS THAT
CA US E I LL NE SS
 Geneti c Facto rs
 Ph ysi cal and Che mic al Factor s
 Mic roorga nis m and Par asites
 Ps ycholo gic Fac tor s
 Cul tural Facto rs
 Oc cupa ti ona l Factor s
 RESPO NSES T O STRE SS
 BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO STRESS
– Increased used of one specific form of
behavior.
– Change in the number of activities performed
– Disorganized behavior that may deteriorate
to the point of regression.
– A lower frustration Tolerance and Increased
irritability
– Noticeable physiologic changes that are
correlated to behavioral changes.
– Distortion of reality and decreased ability to
solve problems.
 ADA PTIV E RESPON SE TO STRE SS
 MAL ADA PTIV E RESPON SE STRE SS
– The Distorted Anticipatory Response
– The Excessive Response
– The Deficient Response
– Inappropriate Response
 HOMEOST ATIC T HEORIE S OF
DISE ASE
CLAUDE BERNARD
 19TH century French physiologist, laid the foundation for
the homeostatic theories
 view human being as a piece of constancy moving in a
world of variables.
 he was intrigued the constancy of human behavior in
the face of everchanging environmental conditions.
 the first scientist to describe the internal milieu or
environment of the body.
 health was dependent on the ability of the human
organism to maintain its internal environment in a
constant state despite the varying demands of external
environment.
 he postulated that illness was the result of an imbalance
in the body’s internal environment
 that illness results from a description in the organisms
ability to communicate with its external environment
 he also describe disease as an adaptive attempt of the
organism to restore its balance
 he taught that these adaptive attempts at balance were
appropriate in kind but incorrect in magnitude
WALTER CANNO N

 20TH century physician, expanded Bernard’s concept by emphasizing

those feedback mechanisms by which the organism is able to
regulate the internal environment.
 In 1939 he coined the term “ homeostasis” from the Greek word
homois, meaning “ like” and stasis meaning standing.
 homeostasis applied mainly to the body temperature, blood
pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance serum glucose levels and
blood oxygen.
 “ fight or flight” reactions of the body to emergency
situations. The fight or flight response is the body’s
preparation for muscular activity in response to
perceived threat.
HAN S SEL YE
 endocrinologist
 he helped to found modern stress theory
 saw stress as measurable in terms of the physiologic
responses
 SELYE’S GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
GAS

 A sequence of behavior involving the entire body in the

presence of stress.
 GENERAL – it is produced by situations that have a
general effect on many parts of the body
 ADAPTIVE – it help the body acquire and maintain a
state of adjustment to the stressor
 SYNDROME – the manifestation are completely
coordinated and dependent on each to a certain extent
 when the body failing in stage of GAS – CRISIS can
occur
 ST AGES:

A. ALARM REACTION (AR)

 body recognizes the stressor
 Body’s defense forces are mobilized- produces body
hormones essential for getting the body ready for
action- “ fight or flight” response
 normal level of body’s resistance decrease
 death may result if stressor is sufficiently severe
 B. Stage of Resistance (SR) or Adaptation
– Adaptation to the stressor
– Body eliminates the alarm reaction – body attempt to
return to a normal state
– Normal level or resistance increases above the normal
to resist the stressor with hope of adaptation
– Body’s resistance to further stimuli increases
c. Stage of Exhaustion (SE)
- continues exposure to stressor will result to exhaustion
- Body is no longer able to maintain the demands of the
stressor
- symptoms of the alarm reaction reappear
- if stressor is not removed – signs become irreversible
- can result to death- unless the body can regain
techniques to cope with stressful situation
Thank y ou