Cells Leech photoreceptor cells

Cells
Objectives:
•To describe the cell theory and the
discoveries that led up to it.
•To describe the structure and function
of various cell organelles Leech photoreceptor cells

•To compare and contrast plant and

animal cells.
•To describe the various forms of
transport that occur in cells.
 The Cell Theory Timeline
Fill in the blanks as you complete the timeline. Use pages 87-88 in your text

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Robert Brown Theodor Schwann
• Developed the 1st microscope
• Observed a round Stated, “All anima
structure near the center of cells”
• Observed pond water and
of cells.
made detailed observations
• Now called the nucleus

1600’s 1700’s 1800’s

Hooke
Mattias Schleiden Rudolf Virchow
Robert Brown • German botanist • German P
• Observed cork cells. • Stated, “All Plants are made of • Said, “Al
• Thought cells looked like cells” from pre
small rooms in a monastery. cells.”
• Was NOT looking at living
cells.
The Cell Theory States
• All living things are composed of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and functi
in living things
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
•Developed the 1st
microscope

•Observed pond
water and made
detailed
observations
Robert Hooke
•Observed cork cells.
•Thought cells looked
like small rooms in a
monastery.
•Was NOT looking at
living cells.
Robert Brown
•Observed a round
structure near the
center of cells.
•Now called the
nucleus
 Theodor
Mattias Schwann
Schleiden
•German botanist Stated, “All
•Stated, “All Plants are animals are made
made of cells” of cells”
Rudolf
Virchow
•German Physician
•Said, “All cells
come from
preexisting cells.”
 The Cell Theory States
•All living things are composed of
cells.
•Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in living things
•All cells come from preexisting cells.
The yolk from bird
eggs is one cell.
 Prokaryotic verses Eukaryotic
cells
• Simple cells • Typical cells
• Includes bacteria • Includes all plants,
• No nucleus animals, fungi, and
• Circular DNA protists (1 celled
organisms)
• Have a nucleus
 Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure The Cell Membrane
Description “The Gatekeeper”
Function Controls what gets in and out of the cell
Close up view of the cell membrane
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Cytoplasm
Description “The Storehouse”
Function Holds the organelles/gives the cell
shape

Close up of
cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Cytoskeleton
Description Support
Function System microtubules that hold
organelles

Close up of
cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Cilia
Description Hair-like structures

Function Movement/feeding

cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Flagellum
Description Whip-like tail made of microtubules
Function “movement”

cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Ribosomes
Description “protein factories”
Function Make proteins/ some attached to
Endoplasmic Reticulum

Close up of E.R. with ribosomes

cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Mitochondria
Description “powerhouse”
Function Change the chemical energy into
compounds the cell can use.

Close up of Mitochondria

cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Nucleus
Description “The Brain”
Function Contains heredity information

Close up of
nucleus
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Nucleolus
Description RNA
Function Makes RNA

Close up of
nucleus
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Nuclear Membrane (envelope)
Description “Nuclear Gatekeeper”
Function Controls what enters and leaves
nucleus through pores

Close up of
nucleus
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure DNA
Description Chromatin normally, thicken into
chromosomes during reproduction
Function Contains the DNA/information the
defines an individual

Close up of
squiggles
nucleus
cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Description “transports”
Function Transports the proteins made by the
ribosomes; pinches them off into
vacoules
Close up of rough E.R. with
ribosomes

cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Description “stores”
Function Makes fats and breaks down toxins

Close up of smooth E.R.

cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Golgi Bodies
Description Stacks of sacs/shippers
Function Modifies and Packages up proteins
made at on the ER.

Close up of golgi

cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Lysosomes
Description “cleanup crews”
Function Digests foreign materials and breaks
down worn out organelles.

Close up of lysosome
with digested matter.

cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Structures and Functions
Structure Vacoules
Description Membrane bound sacs
Function Membrane forms around food or water
particles that are brought into the cell.

vacuole

cytoplasm
 Cell Organization
• Cell specialization – cells are
uniquely suited to perform particular
functions within the organism (I.e.
react to environment, to move, to
make energy…)
Cell Organization- levels of
organization

• Cell
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ systems
 Cell Organization- levels of
organization

• Cell
• Tissues The Cell is the basic unit of
• Organs structure and function
• Organ
system
s
 Cell Organization- levels of organization

• Cell
• Tissues Tissues- groups of similar
• Organs cells with similar functions.
• Organ
system
s
 Cell Organization- levels of organization

Example #1
• Cell Blood is a connective tissue that
• Tissues is responsible for transport in
• Organs many organisms.
• Organ
system
s

Blood from a toad

Cell Organization- levels of organization
Example #2
• Cell Cartilage is a specialized
• Tissues connective tissue.
• Organs
• Organ
system
s

Human Cartilage
Cell Organization- levels of organization
Most animals contain 4 tissue types
• Cell Muscle
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ
system
s

Smooth muscle of the small intestine

Cell Organization- levels of organization
Most animals contain 4 tissue types
• Cell Nervous
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ
system
s

A neuron from the spinal cord.

Cell Organization- levels of organization
Most animals contain 4 tissue types
• Cell Epithelial (covers organs and membranes)
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ
system
s

Epithelial tissue covers the small intestine

 Cell Organization- levels of organization

• Cell
• Tissues .Organs- a group of tissures
• Organs that work together to perform
• Organ a particular function
system
s
 Cell Organization- levels of organization

Examples
• Cell
• Tissues .
• Organs
• Organ
system
s

Human Heart
 Cell Organization- levels of organization

Examples
• Cell
• Tissues .
• Organs
• Organ
system
s

lungs
 Cell Organization- levels of organization

• Cell
• Tissues .A group of organs working
• Organs together to perform a
• Organ particular function.
system
s
 Cell Organization- levels of organization
Examples
• Cell
• Tissues .
• Organs
• Organ
system
s
These organs make
up part of the human
digestive system.