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Information Processing
1. 2. 3. Sensory input- sensory neurons transmit external stimuli or internal conditions to CNS Integration- interneurons integrate (analyze and interpret). Greatest complexity in neural circuits cells. Motor output- leaves CNS via motor neurons that communicate with effector cells (muscle or endocrine cells)
Question 1
a. Arrange the following neurons in the correct sequence for information flow during the kneejerk reflex: interneuron, sensory neuron, motor neuron. b. Which of the neuron types is located entirely within the CNS?
Neuron Structure
sensory neuron
cell body cell body axon
interneuron associative
cell body
dendrites
dendrites
motor neuron
Neuron Structure
Dendrites- receive signals Synapses- site of communication from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell by neurotransmitters Axon- transmits the signal
Question 2
Would severing a neurons axon stop the neuron from receiving or from transmitting information? Explain.
Supporting cells
Astrocytes- structural support Radial glia- form tracks Oligodendrocytes (in CNS) and Schwann cells (in PNS) form myelin sheaths around axon
Similar to plastic protecting electric covers
Question 3
What would be the most obvious structural abnormality in the nervous system of a mouse lacking oligodendrocytes?
Animation Link
Question 4
Draw the sketch below and label the following: outside cell, inside cell. Show where the concentrations of Na+ and K+ are highest.
Question 5
Arrange the following from lowest to highest conduction speed: (a) myelinated, smalldiameter axon; (b) myelinated, largediameter axon; (c) unmyelinated, smalldiameter axon.
Online Link
Indirect transmission
Neurotransmitter binds to a receptor that is not part of the channel, activates a signal transduction pathway
Slower onset but longer lasting than direct transmission
Indirect Link
Types of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (Ach)- released at neuromuscular junctions, exciting motor cells; other times, can be an inhibitor Biogenic amines- neurotransmitters from aa
One group, catecholamines from aa tyrosine include epinephrine and nonepinephrine (hormones); dopamine (brain-affect sleep, mood, attention and learning)
Types of neurotransmitters
Amino acids and peptides
Aa-most in brain Peptides- short chains called neuropeptides
Gases- some neurons release gases especially NO (nitric oxide) and CO (carbon monoxide)
Aa-most in brain Peptides- short chains called neuropeptides
Question 6
A single postsynaptic neuron can be affected by neurotransmitter molecules released by many other neurons, some releasing excitatory and some releasing inhibitory neurotransmitters. What will determine whether an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron?
Question 7
There are many different types of neurotransmitters. Each neuron secretes only one type of neurotransmitter. Some neurotransmitters hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane. Are these excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters?