CH 13

Chapter - 13
Real Options, Investment Analysis and Process
Chapter Objectives
Understand the capital budgeting process: Document the policies and practices of companies in India and compare them with that of the companies in developed countries. Understand the linkage between corporate strategy and investment decisions. Define strategic real options. Show the valuation of real options.
Financial Management, Ninth Edition I M Pandey Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
We will answer the following questions

What is the process of capital budgeting that
companies employ? What capital budgeting policies and practices do they follow? Is there any link between the corporate strategy and capital budgeting? What are the strategic aspects of capital budgeting? Can the discounted cash flow technique handle the strategic aspects of capital investments? How can we evaluate investment projects that are capable of creating future opportunities and flexibility (options) for companies?
Financial Management, Ninth Edition I M Pandey Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. 3
Capital Investments
Capital investments should include all those
expenditures, which are expected to produce benefits to the firm over a long period of time, and encompass both tangible and intangible assets. Thus R&D expenditure is a capital investment. Similarly, the expenditure incurred in acquiring a patent or brand is also a capital investment. Few companies classify capital expenditures in a manner, which could provide useful information for decision-making. Their classification is (i) replacement, (ii) modernisation, (iii) expansion, (iv) new project, (v) research and development, (vi) diversification, and (vii) cost reduction.
Capital Investment Planning and Control

At least five phases of capital expenditure
planning and control can be identified:
Identification (or origination) of investment opportunities. Development of forecasts of benefits and costs. Evaluation of the net benefits. Authorisation for progressing and spending capital expenditure. Control of capital projects.
Investment Ideas: Who Generates

Most proposals, in the nature of cost reduction or
replacement or process or product improvements take place at plant level. The contribution of top management in generating investment ideas is generally confined to expansion or diversification projects. The proposals may originate systematically or haphazardly in a firm. The most common methods used are:

management sponsored studies for project identification, formal suggestion schemes, consulting advice. review of researches done in the country or abroad, conducting market surveys, deputing executives to international trade fairs for identifying new products/technology.
Developing Cash Flow Estimates

Estimation of cash flows requires collection
and analysis of all qualitative and quantitative data, both financial and non-financial in nature. Large companies would generally have a management information system (MIS) providing such data.
Project Evaluation
The net present value method is theoretically
the most desirable criterion as it is a true measure of profitability; it generally ranks projects correctly and is consistent with the wealth maximization criterion. In practice, however, managers choice may be governed by other practical considerations also. Some Important Factors

Cut-off Rate Recognition of Risk Capital Rationing

Authorisation
Screening and selection procedures may
differ from one company to another. When large sums of capital expenditures are involved, the authority for the final approval may rest with top management. The approval authority may be delegated for certain types of investment projects. Senior management tightly control capital spending. Budgetary control is also exercised rigidly. The expected capital expenditure proposals invariably become a part of the annual capital budget in all companies.
Control and Monitoring

Advantages of reappraisal: (i) improvement in profitability by positioning the project as per the original plan; (ii) ascertainment of errors in investment planning which can be avoided in future; (iii) guidance for future evaluation of projects; and (iv) generation of cost consciousness among the project team.
A few companies abandon the project if it
becomes uneconomical.
Qualitative Factors and Judgement in Capital Budgeting

In practice, however, companies, although tending to
shift to the formal methods of evaluation, give considerable importance to qualitative factors. Most companies in India are guided, one time or other, by three qualitative factors: urgency, strategy, and environment. Some companies also consider intuition, security and social considerations as important qualitative factors. Companies in USA consider qualitative factors like employees morals and safety, investor and customer image, or legal matters important in investment analysis.
Role of Judgement
Vision of judgement of the future plays an important role. The opportunities and constraints of selecting a project, its
evaluation of qualitative and quantitative factors, and the weightage on every bit of pros and cons, cost-benefit analysis, etc., are essential elements of judgement. Judgement and intuition should definitely be used when a decision of choice has to be made between two or more, closely beneficial projects, or when it involves changing the long-term strategy of the company. For routine matters, liquidity and profits should be preferred over judgement. It (judgement) plays a very important role in determining the reliability of figures with the help of qualitative methods as well as other known financial matters affecting the projects.
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Strategy provides the decision-maker with a central
Investment Decisions and Corporate Strategy
theme or a big picture to keep in mind at all times as a guideline for effectively allocating corporate financial resources. As argued by a chief financial officerAllocating resources to investments without a sound concept of divisional and corporate strategy is a lot like throwing darts in a dark room. Strategic framework provides a higher-level screening and an integrating perspective to the whole system of capital expenditure planning and control. Once strategic questions have been answered, investment proposals may be subjected to the DCF evaluation.
Managerial Flexibility and Commitment

STRATEGIC REAL OPTIONS Real options are those strategic elements in
investments that help creating flexibility of operations, or that have the potential of generating profitable opportunities in the future for the firm. Real options provide discretion to managers to take certain investment decisions, without any obligation, for a given price. Real options are not confined to real assets only. Patent, R&D, brands etc. are examples of assets that have a value to the owner. The capital investments should be viewed as strategic investments that incorporate real options. Hence the value of a capital investment will also include the value of the strategic elements in the investment.
Valuing Real Option

An investment with real option consists of two
values: the value of cash flows from the projects assets plus the value of any future opportunity (option) arising from holding the asset. We use the Binomial method and BlackScholes method of option pricing for valuing real options.
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Types of Real Options

Valuing Option to Expand
Valuing a Patent
Valuing The Option To Abandon Valuing Option to Delay Flexibility and Operating Options
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For planning and control purposes, three levels of
Capital Budgeting Decision-making Levels

decision-making have been identified:
Operating, administrative, and strategic.
Keeping in view the different decision-making levels,
capital expenditures could be classified in a way, which would reflect the appropriate managerial efforts to be placed in planning and controlling them.
One useful classification could be:

(i) strategic projects, (ii) expansion in the new line of business, (iii) general replacement projects, (iv) expansion in the existing line of business, and (v) statutory required and welfare projects.
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Chapter - 13

Real Options, Investment Analysis and Process

We will answer the following questions

Capital Investment Planning and Control

planning and control can be identified:

Investment Ideas: Who Generates

Developing Cash Flow Estimates

Cut-off Rate Recognition of Risk Capital Rationing

Control and Monitoring

Qualitative Factors and Judgement in Capital Budgeting

Strategy provides the decision-maker with a central

Investment Decisions and Corporate Strategy

Managerial Flexibility and Commitment

Valuing Real Option

Types of Real Options

For planning and control purposes, three levels of

Capital Budgeting Decision-making Levels

Operating, administrative, and strategic.

Keeping in view the different decision-making levels,

One useful classification could be:

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