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Cryogenics stems from Greek and means "the production of freezing cold. However the term is used today as a synonym for the low-temperature state. It is not well-defined at what point on the temperature scale refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins. Cryogenics typically involves a deep-freezing process, usually one that takes object down below 240 degrees Fahrenheit and changes the molecular alignment of the material structure. This change creates the new property. Cryogenic process has been researched and developed by universities and NASA since the mid-sixties after NASA discovered that deep space exploration vehicles had improved their structural integrity due to extended exposure to cryogenic temperature.
LINDES SYSTEM
LINDES SYSTEM
Clean dry air is taken from the atmosphere and is compressed
up to 200 bar.
The high pressure enters into counter flow air to air heat
exchanger and is then throttled to atm - pressure.
temperature and this cool air is passed through heat exchanger where it cools the incoming high section.
PROCESS 1-2: Compression 2-3: Pre-cooling of air by pre cooling circuit 3-4: Pre-cooling of air by Heat exchanger 4-5: Throttling process 5-6: Process in evaporator
CLAUDES SYSTEM
Claudes system yields more efficient cycle than Lindes
system The expansion through an expansion valve is an irreversible process. In Claudes system energy is removed from the gas stream by using an expansion engine or expander. The expansion process is isentropic and much lower temp is attained then isenthalpic expansion In Claudes system the gas is first compressed to pressure of the order 4 MPa.
How Claudes system is more efficient than Lindes system? The advantage of the Claudes system is, it operates at low compression ratio compared with lindes process. Secondly the temperature of air before coming to the expansion valve in Claude system is lower than the Linde system.
APPLICATION OF CRYOGENICS
Aerospace-cryogenic engines Medical Field Manufacturing field Electronics Field Fuels research.
The Engine works on Staged Combustion Cycle with an integrated turbo pump running at around 42,000 rotations per minute (rpm). It is also equipped with two steering engines developing a thrust of 2 kN each to enable three-axis control of the launch vehicle during the mission. Another unique feature of this engine is the closed loop control of both thrust and mixture ratio, which ensures optimum propellant utilization for the mission.
CRYOSURGERY
Cryosurgery (also called cryo therapy) is the use of extreme cold produced by liquid nitrogen (or argon gas) to destroy abnormal tissue. Cryosurgery is used to treat external tumors, such as those on the skin. For internal tumors, liquid nitrogen is circulated through a hollow instrument called a cryoprobe. Cryosurgery has been used for many years in the treatment of skin cancer
BENEFITS OF CRYOSURGERY
Cryosurgery is very effective and is less expensive than other treatment. It can be done in your health care providers office and an anesthesia is not necessary. The treatment can be safely repeated and may be used along with standard treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, Harmon therapy and radiation. It can be used for patients who are not good candidates for conventional surgery because of their age or other medical condition. It is used to treat skin lesions such as freckles (for cosmetic reasons), hemorrhoids and some skin cancers
Cryogenic treatment works on Reamers, Tool bits, Tool punches, Carbide Drills, Carbide Cutters, Milling Cutters, Files, Knives, Reciprocating Blades, Dies and cutting tools. Stress relives ferrous and non ferrous castings and forgings for enhanced dimensional stability and surface finish upon finish machining.
The super conducting electronic devices like SQUID (Super conducting quantum interference device) are used in sensitive digital magnetometers and voltmeters. Zero friction bearings use magnetic field instead of oil or air, derived from the Meissner effect associated with super conductivity. Super conducting electric motors are constructed approaching zero electric loses.
CONCLUSION
Refrigeration and cryogenic cooling technology share a common history and there are many similarities in the underlying thermodynamics. The significant differences lie in the temperature range of interest and the properties of the working fluids. Whilst it is most unlikely that cryogens can ever replace more familiar refrigeration technology for high temperature cooling, there may be niche applications where they can offer an interesting alternative.
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