The purpose of a Protective System is to isolate the faulty section of the Power System as quickly as possible from the

healthy plant. (a) To avoid damage to the healthy parts of the system. (b) To avoid damage to the affected parts. (c) To avoid loss of synchronism of the healthy Generation of the plant.

Power System Protection: Fault statistics

Transmission Lines : 85 Busbar: 12 Transformer / Generator : 3 Single phase to earth : 80% Two phases to earth : 10% Phase to phase faults : 5% Three phase faults : 5%

Power System Protection: Nature of Faults

Transient faults : Will disappear after a short dead interval are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85% lightning's are the most common reason can also be caused by birds, falling trees, swinging lines etc.

Persistent faults : Does not disappear after a short interval can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down can be a tree falling on a line must be located and repaired before normal service

A relay is an automatic device by means of which an electrical circuit is indirectly controlled (opened or closed) and is governed by a change in the same or another electrical circuit. A protective relay is an automatic device which detects an abnormal condition in an electrical circuit and causes a circuit breaker to isolate the faulty element of the system. In some cases it may give an alarm or visible indication to alert operator.
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FUNCTIONS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

To sound an alarm, so that the operator may take some corrective action and/or to close the trip circuit of CB so as to disconnect a component during an abnormal fault condition such as overload, under voltage, temperature etc To disconnect the faulty parts as quickly as possible so as to minimise the damage to the faulty part. Ex: if a generator is disconnected immediately after a winding fault only a few coils need replacement. If the fault is sustained, it may be in beyond repairable condition.
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FUNCTIONS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

To localise the effect of fault by disconnecting the faulty part from the healthy part, causing least disturbance to the healthy system, To disconnect the faulty part as quickly as possible to improve the system stability and service continuity.

THE REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

SPEED: protective relaying should disconnect a faulty element as quickly as possible, in order to improve power system stability, decrease the amount of damage and to decrease the possibility of development of one type of fault into other one. Modern high speed protective relaying has an operating time of about 1 cycle.
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THE REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

SELECTIVITY: it is the ability of the protective system to determine the point at which the faulty occurred and select the nearest of the circuit breakers, tripping of which leads to clearing of faulty with minimum or no damage to the system.

THE REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

SENSITIVITY: it is capability of the relaying to operate reliably under the actual minimum fault condition. It is desirable to have the protection as sensitive as possible in order that it shall operate for low value of actuating quantity. SIMPLICITY: the relay should be as simple in construction as possible. As a rule the simple the protective scheme less the number of relays and contacts it contains the greater will be the reliability.
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THE REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

RELIABILTY: protective relaying should function correctly at all time under any kind of fault and abnormal conditions of the power system for which it has been designed. It should also not operate on healthy conditions of system. ECONOMY: cost of the protective system will increase directly with the degree of protection required. Too much protection may give rise to tripping of equipment even for an incipient fault. Depending on the situation a designer should compromise with the degree of protection required and economy.
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CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS

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Electromagnetic relays

Such relays operate on the electromagnetic principle i.e. an electromagnet attracts magnetic moving part or a force is exerted or a current carrying conductor when placed in the magnetic field or a force is produced by the principle of induction, etc. Moving iron, moving coil, attracted armature, induction disc and induction cup type relays come under this group of relays. These are solid state relays and employ semiconductor diodes, transistors thyristors, logic gates, Ics, etc. The measuring circuit is a static circuit and there are no moving parts. In some static relays, a slave relay which is a d.c. polarized relay is used as the tripping device. A microprocessor can be used to perform all functions of a relay. It can measure the electrical quantities, makes comparisons, perform computations, and send tripping signals. It can realize all sorts of relay in characteristics, even irregular curves which cannot be realized by electromagnetic or static relays easily.

Static relays

Microprocessor BASED RELAY

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TERMS RELATING TO FUNCTOIN

1.Primary relay a relay which is energised without the interposition of instrument transformers or shunts

2.Secondary relay a relay which is energised by means of instrument transformer

3.All or nothing relay a relay intended to be operated without any specified precision by a quantity having a value either higher than that at which it picks up or lower than that at which it drops out 4.Auxiliary relay an all or nothing relay which operates in response to the opening or closing of its operating circuit, to assist another relay or device in the performance of its function. This may be instantaneous or may have a time lag
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5. Change over relay an auxiliary relay with tow position either of which cannot be designated as ON and OFF buy which transfers its contact circuits form one connection to other 6.Indicating relay a measuring relay or indicating relay which when energised displays a signal 7.Centre zero relay an all or nothing relay with one OFF and two ON positions 8.Notching relay a relay which switches in responses to the specific number of impulses received 9.Biased relay a relay whose setting is modified by additional windings, the amount of bias being dependent upon conditions in the protected circuit 10.Supervisory relay a measuring relay or a combination of various measuring and auxiliary relays in a unit with a definite purpose of supervision
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II. TERMS RELATED TO WORKING PRINCIPLES 1. Electromagnetic relay a relay whose operation depends on the force exercised by a magnetic field on ferromagnetic parts. This may be of the solenoid or attracted armature or moving iron type 2. Electro dynamic relay a relay with two or more coils, which operates due to interaction of fluxes produced by the individual coils 3.Electro-mechanical relay an electrical relay which includes a movements and contacts 4.Induction field a relay in which interaction of one or more magnetic fields with current induced in a movable conducting member causes operation
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5.Permanent magnet moving coil relay a relay in which a coil is caused to move in the air gap of a permanent magnet as a result of a current flowing in the coil 6.Physico-electric relay a relay controlled by a physical system and producing changes in one or several electrical circuits 7.Thermal relay a relay which operates due to the action of heat generated by the passage of an electric current on some heat responsive medium
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III. TERMS RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION 1.Plug in relay a relay in which the relay element has its connection brought out to a plug base making with a socket to facilitate connection to an external circuit

2.Balanced beam relay a relay of which the movable member consists of a pivoted beam acted on by two electromechanically derived forces in opposition

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3.Draw out relay a relay in which the relay element and its associated components, if any are mounted on a chassis withdrawable from the case. the connections to external circuits being completed by means of contact strips on the case and to provide easy means for withdrawing or testing or both

4.Non-resetting relay a relay in which requires a deliberated mechanical or electrical action for returning to it OFF position
5.Static relay an electrical relay having no movement or contacts
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IV. TERMS RELATING TO TIME

1.Instantaneous relay a relay which operates and resets without intentional time delay 2.Dependent time lag relay a relay in which the time-lag varies with the value of the characteristic quantity 3.Inverse time-lag relay a relay in which the time-lag varies inversely with the value of the characteristic quantity
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4.Independent time lag relay a measuring relay in which the current or voltage is a primary characteristic quantity and the time delay a secondary characteristic quantity, practically independent of the first 5.Inverse time-lag relay(with definite minimum time-lag) a relay in which the time lag varies inversely for small values of the characteristic quantity, but becomes substantially independent for large values of that quantity
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V. TERMS RELATING TO CHARACTERISTIC QUANTITY

1.Current relay a relay which operates at a predetermined value of current
over current relay under current relay over and under current relay

2.Reverse current relay a current relay which operates when the direction of a direct current is reversed from normal 3.Voltage relay a relay which operates at a predetermined value of voltage. This includes
over voltage relay under voltage relay over and under voltage relay

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4.Power relay a relay which operates at a predetermined value of power over power under power over and under power 5.Active power relay a power relay of which the characteristic quantity is the active power 6.Reactive power relay a power relay of which the characteristic quantity is the reactive power 7.Frequency relay a relay which operates at a predetermined frequency over frequency relay under frequency relay 8.Differential relay a relay which has two or more windings and operate in response to either scalar or the vectorial difference between two or more electrical quantities 9.Impedence relay a relay of which characteristic quantity is the ratio of voltage and current, producing the impedance of a circuit 10.Conductance relay a relay of which the characteristic quantity is the ratio of current and voltage, producing 30 conductance of a circuit.

DISTANCE RELAYS

Reactance relay: since it is not involved with R, also ground is having variable resistance quantity, it is used for GROUND FAULT due to high speed operation, it is used for short transmission Mho relay: most suited for long lines least affected by abnormal system conditions except that the line fault Impedance relay: used for medium length transmission lines
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 The impedance of the pilot cables causes a slight difference between the currents at the two ends of the section to be protected. If the relay is very sensitive, the small differential current flowing through the relay may cause it to operate even under no fault condition

DISADVANTAGES OF Pilot cable capacitance causes incorrect operation of the relay when a large through current DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION flows
Accurate matching of the current transformer

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DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION The impedance of the pilot cables causes a slight difference between the currents at the two ends of the section to be protected. If the relay is very sensitive, the small differential current flowing through the relay may cause it to operate even under no fault condition Pilot cable capacitance causes incorrect operation of the relay when a large through current flows Accurate matching of the current transformer
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DESCRIPTION OF E E RELAYS
CDG C Stands for operating quantity i.e. current Second Letter D Stands for Movement of the relay component i.e. Disc. G Stands for application i.e. for general use DTG D Stands for differential quantity. T Stands for transistorized. H Stands for Harmonic restraint.

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First letter operating quantity :

A Phase Angle comparison B Balanced current C Current (amperes) D Differential E Direction F Frequency L Directional current K Rate of rise of current O Oil, Pressure R Reactive VA S Slip Frequency T - Temperature V Potential (volts) W Watts (power) P Polyphase VA X - Reactance M Manual
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Second letter Movement : A Attracted armature B Buchholz C Induction cup. D Induction Disc. G Galvanometer (moving oil) I Transactor M Magnet (Polarised) R - Rectifier S Synchronous motor T - Transistor W Weight (gravity) P - Plug J Mixed types
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Third Letter Application :

A Auxiliary B Testing C Carrier or counting D Directional E Earth ( Ground) F Flag and alarm indicator G General or generator H Harmonic restraint I Interlocked or industrial J Tripping JE Tripping (Elect. Reset) JH Tripping (Head-reset) JS Tripping (self-reset) JC Control K Check alarm L Load limiting M Semaphore N Negative sequence O Out of step P Potential failure Q - Alarm R - Reclosing S - Synchronising T Time or transformer U Definite time V - Voltage W Pilot wire WA - Interposing WJ - Interpreting X - Supervisory Y Flashback (Backfire) ZS Zero Sequence.

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Fourth Letter :M Special variations. First Figure Indicates the number of units in the relay essential to its operation not including seal in auxiliary units. Second Figure Indicates a particular characteristic of on a group of similar relays e.g. CDG 11. CDG12, CDG13 and CD 14 are all inverse time overcurrent relays but with difference characteristic curves.

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Standard device function number descriptions IEEE Std C37.2-1996 Device number 1master element A device, such as a control switch, etc., that serves, either directly or through such permissive devices as protective and time-delay relays, to place equipment in or out of operation. Device number 2time-delay starting or closing relay A device that functions to give a desired amount of time delay before or after any point of operation in a switching sequence or protective relay system, except as specifically provided by device functions 48, 62, 79, and 82. Device number 3checking or interlocking relay A device that operates in response to the position of one or more other devices or predetermined conditions in a piece of equipment or circuit, to allow an operating sequence to proceed, or to stop, or to provide a check of the position of these devices or conditions for any purpose. Device number 4master contactor A device, generally controlled by device function l or the equivalent and the required permissive and protective devices, that serves to make and break the necessary control circuits to place equipment into operation under the desired conditions and to take it out of operation under abnormal conditions.

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Device number 5stopping device A control device used primarily to shut down equipment and hold it out of operation. (This device may be manually or electrically actuated, but it excludes the function of electrical lockout [see device function 86] on abnormal conditions.) Device number 6starting circuit breaker A device whose principal function is to connect a machine to its source of starting voltage. Device number 7rate-of-change relay A device that operates when the rate-ofchange of the measured quantity exceeds a threshold value, except as defined by device 63 . Device number 8control power disconnecting device A device, such as a knife switch, circuit breaker, or pull-out fuse block, used for the purpose of connecting and disconnecting the source of control power to and from the control bus or equipment. NOTE Control power is considered to include auxiliary power that supplies such apparatus as small motors and heaters. Device number 9reversing device A device that is used for the purpose of reversing a machine field or for performing any other reversing function. Device number 10unit sequence switch A device that is used to change the sequence in which units may be placed in and out of service in multiple-unit equipment

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Device number 11multifunction device A device that performs three or more Comparatively important functions that could only be designated by combining several device function numbers. All of the functions performed by device 11 shall be defined in the drawing legend, device function definition list or relay setting record. NOTE If only two relatively important functions are p performed by the device, it is preferred that both function numbers be used. Device number 12overspeed device A device, usually direct connected, that operates on machine overspeed. Device number 13synchronous-speed device A device such as a centrifugalspeed switch, a slip-frequency relay, a voltage relay, an undercurrent relay, or any other type of device that operates at approximately the synchronous speed of a machine.

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Device number 14underspeed device A device that functions when the speed of a machine falls below a predetermined value. Device number 15speed or frequency matching device A device that functions to match and hold the speed or frequency of a machine or a system equal to, or approximately equal to, that of another machine, source, or system. Device number 16not used Reserved for future application. Device number 17shunting or discharge switch A device that serves to open or close a shunting circuit around any piece of apparatus (except a resistor), such as a machine field, a machine armature, a capacitor, or a reactor. NOTE This excludes devices that perform such shunting operations as may be necessary in the process of starting a machine by devices 6 or 42 (or their equivalent) and also excludes device function 73 that serves for the switching of resistors.

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Device number 18accelerating or decelerating device A device that is used to close or cause the closing of circuits that are used to increase or decrease the speed of a machine. Device number 19starting-to-running transition contactor A device that operates to initiate or cause the automatic transfer of a machine from the starting to the running power connection. Device number 20electrically operated valve An electrically operated, controlled, or monitored device used in a fluid, air, gas, or vacuum line. Device number 21distance relay A device that functions when the circuit admittance, impedance,or reactance increases or decreases beyond a predetermined value. Device number 22equalizer circuit breaker A device that serves to control or make and break the equalizer or the current-balancing connections for a machine field, or for regulating equipment, in a multiple-unit installation.

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Device number 23temperature control device A device that functions to control the temperature of a machine or other apparatus, or of any medium, when its temperature falls below or rises above a predetermined value. NOTE An example is a thermostat that switches on a space heater in a switchgear assembly when the temperature falls to a desired value. This should be distinguished from a device that is used to provide automatic temperature regulation between close limits and would be designated as device function 90T. Device number 24volts per hertz relay A device that operates when the ratio of voltage to frequency is above a preset value or is below a different preset value. The relay may have any combination of instantaneous or time delayed characteristics. Device number 25synchronizing or synchronism-check relay A synchronizing device produces an output that causes closure at zero-phase angle difference between two circuits. It may or may not include voltage and speed control. A synchronism- check relay permits the paralleling of two circuits that are within prescribed limits of voltage magnitude, phase angle, and frequency
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Device number 26apparatus thermal device A device that functions when the temperature of the protected apparatus (other than the loadcarrying windings of machines and transformers as covered by device function number 49) or of a liquid or other medium exceeds a predetermined value; or when the temperature of the protected apparatus or of any medium decreases below a predetermined value. Device number 27undervoltage relay A device that operates when its input voltage is less than a predetermined value. Device number 28flame detector A device that monitors the presence of the pilot or main flame in such apparatus as a gas turbine or a steam boiler. Device number 29isolating contactor or switch A device that is used expressly for disconnecting one circuit from another for the purposes of emergency operation, maintenance, or test. Device number 30annunciation relay A nonautomatically reset device that gives a number of separate visual indications upon the functioning of protective devices and that may also be arranged to perform a lockout function.

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