Presentation and Analysis

of Data
Introduction
The devices collecting data often
result in massive volume of data.
Simply by looking at unorganized
data we can not deduce any results
from data instead we may get
confused.
So we need to organize and
condense data into a shape that
can be readily understandable.
For this purpose techniques like
Classification, Tabulation and
Graphic Display are used.
Classification
The process of dividing a set of
observations or objects into
classes or groups in such a way
that:
Observations or objects in the
same class are similar.
And observations or objects in
each class are dissimilar to those
in other classes.
Tabular Presentation
( Data tables )
Systematic presentation of data
classified under suitable heads and
subheads, Placed in columns and
rows.
Shift Production (meter) Faults

A 2000 12
B 2200 11
C 1800 3

Advantages
 Logical arrangement makes it easy to
understand.
 Facilitate comparisons.
 Effective way of conveying information to user.
Graphical Presentation
The visual display of data in the
form of points, lines, areas and
symbols is known as graphical
representation.
Advantages Of Graphical
Presentation
Diagrams are more attractive.
Diagrams leave long lasting
impression on the mind of reader.
They make data intelligible at a
glance.
Comparison is easy using
diagrams.
An old proverb ‘A picture is worth
thousand words’.
Types of Graphical
presentation
Graph is a representation of data by
continuous curve usually shown on a
graph
Diagram is any one, two or three
dimensional form of visual
representation.
Graphical Presentation

Graphs Diagrams

Histogram Linear

Area
X-y Graph
cubic
Frequency Curve
Pie

Pictogram
Linear Diagram
Commonly known as bar graphs.
The values are represented by
one dimension only i.e. length of
bar.
They consist of simple bars,
multiple bars and component
bars.
Bars can be vertical or horizontal.
Area or Two Dimensional
Diagram
Area is proportional to the values
being displayed.
They are good for displaying data
for data values having
moderately large variations.
Area diagram
Cubic or Three dimensional
Diagram
They are in the form of cubes or
cylinders whose volumes are
proportional to the values they
represent.
They are used where variations in
data value are very large.
Pie diagram
They are in the form of circles and
sectors.
Angle / Area of sectors are in
proportional to the values they
represent.
We use them when we need to
show the contribution of individual
items towards the total.
Multiple Bars
A multiple bar chart shows two or
more characteristics
corresponding to a common
variable.
To bars are grouped together.
This is a good way of comparing
two or three type of information.
Example are imports/exports of a
country , production of Products
and consumption of Raw
Component Bars
Bar is divided into two or more
sections, Proportional in size to
the component parts of total
being displayed.
Each part is shaded differently.
Component bar charts are used
to display data where
accumulative and percentages of
the parts are known.
Production Data of a weaving unit

Total
Date Shift A Shift B Shift C Production
1/4/2009 1200 1000 1300 3500
2/4/2009 1600 1400 1500 4500
3/4/2009 1300 1200 1200 3700
4/4/2009 1200 1000 1300 3500
5/4/2009 1600 1400 1500 4500
6/4/2009 1300 1200 1200 3700
7/4/2009 1200 1000 1300 3500
8/4/2009 1600 1400 1500 4500
Simple Bar Graph
Multiple Bar
Component Bar
Component Bar
(percentage)
Scatter Graph
Capacitor Discharge Rate V =
10e-0.5t
Time t, Seconds Voltage V, Volts
0 10
1 6.065306597
2 3.678794412
3 2.231301601
4 1.353352832
5 0.820849986
6 0.497870684
7 0.301973834
8 0.183156389
9 0.111089965
10 0.06737947
11 0.040867714
12 0.024787522
13 0.015034392
14 0.00911882
15 0.005530844
16 0.003354626
17 0.002034684
18 0.001234098
19 0.000748518
20 0.000453999
Scatter Graph
Scatter with line and
marker
Frequency Distribution
The organization of data in a table
showing the distribution of data into
classes or groups with the number
of observations in each class or
group.
Class Limits are defined as the
number of the values of the
variables which describe the class.
Suppose we have collected data
which falls in the range of 1 to 50.
then we can define the class limits
like 1-10, 11-20,21-30,31-40,41-50.
Class Boundary is the precise
number that separates on class from
other.
 Class boundary is located midway of
upper limit of a class and lower limit of
next class.
 E.g. take two classes 1-10 and 11-20 so
class boundary will be in the middle of
10 and 11 so 10.5 will be class
boundary.
Class Mark is the mid point of a
class. A number that divides the class
into two equal parts.
 It is obtained by adding the lower limit
and upper limit of class and dividing by
2.
Constructing Frequency
Distribution
Decide number of classes.
Determine range of variation in
data.
Divide the range of variation by
number of classes.
Decide where to locate the class
limit.
Determine the class limits.
Distribute data in appropriate
class limits.
Mean
Alsocalled average or arithmetic
mean.
Excel Formula AVERAGE(B1:B20)
Median
Values that divides the data in
exactly two portions i.e. half of
data lies above median and half
of data lieas below median.
Excel Formula
=MEDIAN (B1:B20)
MODE
Value in data set that occurs with
greatest frequency in the data.
Most repeated value.
Excel Formula
=MODE(B1:B20)
Variance
Itprovides an indication of the
degree of the spread in the data.
Greater the variance, greater the
spread.