DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING An
Introduction
Dr.Y. Narasimha Murthy Ph.D
Reader, Department of Physics & Electronics
SRI SAI BABA NATIONAL COLLEGE
(Autonomous)
ANANTAPUR 515001 (A.P)
yayavaram@yahoo.com
Organisation
o What is signal processing
o Need of Processing
o Catagories
o Advantages of Digital over analog
o Filters-Analog & Digital
o Comparison
o Digital filters-Types



o FIR &IIR
o Advantages-Disadvantages
o Applications of DSP
o Simple Illustrations
o Various types of DSPs
o Microprocessor & Signal processor
o Architecture
o Books &Web resources



What is Signal processing?
Signal processing is the analysis,
interpretation, and manipulation of signals
like sound, images time-varying
measurement values and sensor data etc

For example biological data such as
electrocardiograms, control system signals,
telecommunication transmission signals such
as radio signals, and many others.
Need of Signal Processing

When a signal is transmitted from one point
to another there is every possibility of
contamination /deformation of the signal by
external noise. So to retrieve the original
signal at the receiver suitable filters are to be
used. i.e the signal is processed to obtain the
pure signal.

Categories of signal processing

Analog signal processing for signals that
have not been digitized, as in classical radio,
telephone, radar, and television systems.

This involves linear electronic circuits such
as passive filters, active filters, additive
mixers, integrators and delay lines.


It also involves non-linear circuits such as
compandors, multiplicators (frequency mixers
and voltage-controlled amplifiers), voltage-
controlled filters, voltage-controlled
oscillators and phase-locked loops.

Digital signal processing for signals that
have been digitized, processing is done by
general-purpose computers or by digital
circuits such as ASICs, field-programmable
gate arrays or specialized digital signal
processors (DSP chips).



So the processing of the signal helps to
estimate characteristic parameters of the
signal and also to transform the signal in to
the desired form.
Analog signal processing

The analog signal processing is basically,
filtering of the signal . It can be denoted by
the following diagram.
Digital signal processing-Block
diagram
The digital signal processor consists of anti-aliasing
filter, analog to digital converter (ADC), a digital
filter represented by the transfer function H(z), a
digital to analog converter and a reconstruction
filter.
Advantages of Digital over
analog signal processing
Accuracy: The analog circuits are prone to
temperature and external effects, but the digital
filters have no such problems.

Flexibility: Reconfiguration of analog filters is
very complex whereas the digital filters can be
reconfigured easily by changing the program
coefficients.
Digital signals can be easily stored on any
magnetic media or optical media are using
semiconductor chips.

Easy operation: Even complex mathematical
operations can be performed easily using
computers, which is not the case with analog
processing.
Multiplexing: Digital signal processing
provides the way for Integrated service digital
network (ISDN) where digitized signals can
be multiplexed with other digital data and
transmitted through the same channel.
Limitations
There are also certain limitations in DSP.
Bandwidth restrictions
Speed limitations
Finite word length problems.
Filters
Any one who observes the DSP block diagram
finds that the filter is the main component of
DSP.

Filters have two uses
a) Signal separation
b) Signal restoration

Signal separation is needed when a signal has
been contaminated with interference, noise or
other signals.

Signal restoration is used when a signal has
been distorted in some way or other.

For example an audio recording made with poor
equipment may be filtered to get the original
sound.


Another example of deblurring of an image
occurred with an improperly focused lens or
a shaky camera.

So these problems can be solved with either
analog or digital filters.
Analog filters
Analog filters take the analog signal as input
and process the signal and finally gives the
analog output.

An analog filter is constructed using resistors,
capacitors, active components etc
A simple analog low pass filter is shown
below


Coming to advantages of Analog filters they are
cheap and have a large dynamic range in
both amplitude and frequency. But in terms
of performance they are not superior to
digital filters.
Digital filters
A digital filter processes and generates digital
data.

A digital filter constitutes elements like adder,
multiplier and delay units.

Digital filters are vastly superior in the level of
performance in comparison to analog filters.
A simple digital filter
Advantages :

There are many advantages with digital filters.

Unlike analog filters ,the digital filter
performance is not influenced by component
ageing, temperature and power variations.

A digital filter is highly immune to noise and
relatively stable.
Digital filters afford a wide variety of shapes
for the amplitude and phase responses.
Impedance matching problems are minimum.
Transportation and reconfiguration is very
easy ,which is not true in the case of analog
filters.
Multiple filtering is possible only in digital
filters.
Computational problems are minimum.

Disadvantages:
There are few disadvantages also.
Quantization error occurs due to finite word
length in the representation of signals and
parameters.
Digital filters also suffer from Bandwidth
problems.
Differences between analog and
digital filters :
An analog filter is constructed using active,
passive components like resistors, capacitors
and op amps etc..
A digital filter constitutes adder, multiplier and
delay elements
An analog filter is denoted by a differential
equation.
A digital filter is denoted by a difference
equation.



Laplace transform is used for the analysis of
analog filter.
Z transforms are used for the analysis of digital
filters.
The frequency response of an analog filter can
be modified by changing the components.
The frequency response can be changed by
changing the filter coefficients.
Types of Digital filters
Broadly speaking ,two types of digital filters
exists.

FIR Filters(Finite impulse response filters)
IIR Filters (Infinite Impulse response filters)
FIR Filters
The digital filter whose impulse response is of finite
duration is known as Finite impulse response filter.
The response of the FIR filter depends only on the
present and past input samples.

These FIR filters are also called non recursive filters.

So, in FIR the impulse response sequence is of finite
duration, i.e. it has a finite number of non-zero terms.
The system with the impulse response


denotes an FIR system.

s
=
otherwise
n
n h
0
4 2
) (
Ex: The following difference equation
denotes the finite impulse response filter.



For i<0, y(n)=0 i.e. the impulse response is
finite and it exists only for n>0
) ( ) (
1
0
i n x b n y
N
i
i
=

=
Advantages of FIR Filters
FIR filters can be designed with exact linear
phase. These linear phase filters are
important for applications where frequency
dispersion due to non-linear phase is
hazardous. (For example speech processing
and data transmission)
FIR filters are stable
Round off noise can be eliminated in FIR
filters

FIR filters can be efficiently implemented in
multirate DSP systems
FIR filters reduce the computation complexity


Disadvantages
As large number of impulse response
samples are required to properly
approximate sharp cutoff FIR filters the
processing will become complex due to slow
convolution.
The delay of linear phase FIR filters can
sometimes create problems in some DSP
applications.
IIR Filters
The digital filter whose impulse response is of infinite
duration is known as Infinite impulse response filter.
The response of an IIR filter is a function of
current and past input signal samples and past
output signal samples.
It is also called recursive filter.

= =
=
K
k
k
L
l
l
k n y B l x x A n y
1 0
) ( ) ( ) (
Ex: A simple first order difference equation
illustrates the IIR filter.


The implementation diagram of first order IIR
filter is shown in the next slide.
) 1 ( . ) ( ) ( + = n y b n x n y
Advantages of IIR filters

1. An IIR filter has lesser number of side
lobes in the stop-band than an FIR filter
with the same number of parameters.
2. Also the implementation of an IIR filter
involves fewer parameters, less
memory requirements and lower
computational complexity.
Disadvantages
IIR filters do not have linear phase and
also they are not very stable.
Realization of IIR filters is not very easy
as compared to FIR filters
As it is a recursive filter the number of
coefficients is very large and the memory
requirements are also high
Applications of DSP
Digital signal processing has variety of
applications in diverse fields like
Digital filtering
Spectral analysis
Speech processing
Image processing
Radar and sonar processing

Disk and robot control
Telecommunication
Consumer electronics
Biomedical engineering
Military applications

Let us discuss few examples of DSP in
musical sound processing.
In all musical recordings, the sound from
instruments is recorded in studio and
then special audio effects are added by
manipulating the recorded musical
sounds. The audio effects are artificially
generated using various DSP
techniques.
The sound reaching the listeners in a
concert hall during a musical programme
consists of direct sound, early reflections
and reverberations (echoes). But the
sound recorded in a studio is different
and it doesnt sound natural.
So, echoes are simply generated by delay
units. The direct sound and a single echo
appear in K sampling period latter can be
generated by the FIR filter with the system
function


The realization of the echo filter is shown in the
next slide.


1 , . 1 ) ( < + =

b Z b z H
K
To generate multiple echoes separated K
sapling periods we can use an FIR filter
with transfer function
K N N K K
Z b Z b Z b z H
) 1 ( 1 2 2
, . 1 ) (

+ + + =
Similarly an infinite number of echoes
spaced K sampling periods apart with
exponentially decaying amplitudes can
be created by an IIR filter.
The realization of infinite echo generator is
shown in the next slide.

The other special sound effects are
flanging and chorus. The flanging effect
is created by feeding the same musical
note to two tape recorders and then
combining their delayed outputs. This
effect can be simulated using the FIR
filter by periodically varying the delay
K(n) between 0 and K.
The functional diagram of flanging effect
generator is shown in the next slide.
The chorus effect is achieved when
several musicians are playing the same
musical note at the same time with small
changes in the amplitudes and small
timing differences between their sounds.
A chorus generator can be realized by
parallelly connecting few number of
flanging effect filters.
Various DSP Processors
Texas DSP Processors

16-bit Fixed point arithmetic processors
TMS320C1X
TMS320C2X
TMS320C5X
TMS320C8X

32-bit floating point arithmetic processors
TMS320C3X
TMS320C4X
Analog devices DSP Processors

Blackfin
SHARC
TigerSHARC
ADSP-21XX 16 bit fixed point processor
ADSP-210XX- 32 bit floating point processor

Differences between microprocessor
and Digital signal processor
A microprocessor with its limited speed
is meant for low speed applications
whereas the DSP is meant for fast real
time applications.
Generally microprocessors use Van-
nuemann architecture whereas most of
the DSP processors use a modified
Harvard architecture with two or three
memory buses.
OR
Bus
General purpose processors
Early DSP processors
More optimized DSP processors
Simple architecture of DSP
processor
The books which have helped
me to understand DSP
1. Oppenheim, A.V. and Schefar, Digital signal
processing, PHI
2. Oppenheim, Applications of digital signal
processing, PHI
3. Rabir and Gold, Theory of digital signal
processing, PHI
4. Proakis and Manolakis, Digital signal
processing, Pearson publishers

5. Antoniou, A. Digital filters analysis, design
applications, McGraw Hill
6. Johnson, J.R. Introduction to digital signal
processing , PHI
7. Vanvalkenburg.M.V. Analog filter design,
Sanders publishers
8. Vinay K. Ingle, Proakis, Digital signal
processing using MATLAB, Bookware series

9. Sajeeth K. Mithra, Digital signal processing,
TMH
10. V.K. Khanna, Digital signal processing,
telecommunication, multimedia technology,
Wheeler publishers
11. P. Rameshbabu, Digital signal processing,
Scitech publishers.
12. Salivana, Digital signal processing, TMH
13. Ifeachor and Jervis, Digital signal
processing-a practical approach, Addison
Wesley publishers
14. Sarkar N. Elements of digital signal
processing, Kanna publishers
15. Defetta D.J. Digital signal processing, John
Wieley publishers
16. Lyons R.G. Understanding digital signal
processing,Addition Wesley
17. B. Venkataramani, Digital signal
processors, TMH
18. Chapman J. Stephen, MATLAB
Programming for engineers, Bookware
Series
19. Ramachandran.B. Digital signal processing,
Anuradha publishers
20. Bose N.K. Digital filters-Theory and applications,
Elsevier publishers
21. The Scientist and Engineer's and Guide to Digital Signal
Processing by Steven W. Smith.(On line text)
Web References
www.ti.com
www.analog.com
www.dspguru.com
www.mathworks.com
www.dsptutor.freeuk.com
www.dspguide.com
www.elsevier.com/locate/dsp (On line journal)
dsp.rice.edu (rice university)
www.youtube.com (lecture on DSP)
Concluding Remarks

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
---- Robert Frost

GOOD LUCK!