State of Art Presentation on

Power Factor Improvement of an AC-DC Converter

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Prof. R. K. Tripathi (MNNIT, Allahabad) PRESENTED BY: Vinod Kumar Singh M.TECH SEM V (part- time) REG. NO.- 2011PTPE13 Power Electronics & ASIC Design

CONTENTS :
1. 2. 3.

4.
5. 6. 7.

INTRODUCTION POWER FACTOR CORRECTION POSSIBLE POWER FACTOR CORRECTION METHODS VARIOUS CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES AND CONTROL SCHEMES LITERATURE REVIEW PROPOSED WORK REFERENCES

Introduction:

An ac to dc converter is an integral part of any power supply unit used in the all electronic equipments. it converts line frequency ac to dc, Generally a diode bridge is used for rectification purpose. To reduce the ripple in the dc output voltage, a large capacitor is used at the rectifier output. But due to this large capacitor, the current drawn by this converter is peaky in nature. This input current is rich in low order harmonics. Due to the presence of these harmonics, the total harmonic distortion is high and the input power factor is poor. Because of the problems associated with low power factor and harmonics, utilities will enforce harmonic standards and guidelines, which will limit the amount of current distortion allowed into the utility, and thus the simple diode rectifier may not be in use. So, there is a need to achieve rectification at close to unity power factor and low input current distortion.

Single-phase diode bridge rectifier with R-Line=0.5 ohm, and LLine=1mH the line current has THDi=1.5079 and power factor of 0.5475.

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

Power factor correction (PFC) is a technique of counteracting the undesirable effects of electric loads that create a power factor PF that is less than 1. The power factor is defined as the ratio of the active power P to the apparent power S. PF = P/S For purely sinusoidal voltage and current PF= cos Where cos is the displacement factor of the voltage and current The line current is non-sinusoidal when the load is nonlinear. For sinusoidal voltage and nonsinusoidal current the PF can be expressed as where Kp describes the harmonic content of the current with respect to the fundamental. Hence, the power factor depends on both harmonic content and displacement factor. Kp is referred to as purity factor or distortion factor.

Possible power factor correction methods:

Depending on rating, control complexities, control performance and cost, there are many possible power factor correction approaches. The suited and cost effective one can be chosen according to the desired performance for specific application.

(1)Passive PFC
(2)Active PFC (a) Low frequency active PFC (b) High frequency active PFC

PASSIVE PFC

Passive PFC methods use only passive elements in addition to the diode bridge rectifier, to improve the shape of the line current.

(1)

Rectifier with AC side inductor One of the simplest methods is to add an inductor at the AC-side of the diode bridge, in series with the line voltage and create circuit conditions such that the line current is zero during the zero crossings of the line voltage.

Rectifier with DC-side inductor:

Rectifier with series-resonant band-pass filter:

Here a band-pass filter of the series-resonant type, tuned at the line-frequency, is introduced in between the AC source and the bridge rectifier.

Rectifier with parallel-resonant band-stop filter:

Capacitor-fed rectifier:

Switch-mode rectifier
Basically, a SMR is formed by inserting a suited DC/DC converter between rectifier and capacitive output filter, SMRs possess many categories in circuit topology and switching control approaches. A single-phase boost-type SMR is shown in Fig.(a) and the typical waveforms of iac using low-frequency and high-frequency switchings are shown in Fig. (b) and (c).

fig. b

fig. a fig. c

Various Converter Topologies and Control Schemes:

The Power Factor Corrected (PFC) ac-dc converter topologies considered for performance comparisons are boost type

single-phase conventional boost

type ac-dc converter topology

boost type full bridge converter circuit

It is realized by cascading single-phase diode bridge rectifier with boost chopper

The advantage of this topology is that only two switches conduct at any time also shares the total voltage equally and hence reduces switch voltage stress

Cont..

Single Phase Half Bridge Boost Type Converter

Three Phase Four Wired Boost Type Converter

Performance evaluation of various converter

Current Control Schemes for PFC Converter:

Power factor corrected ac-dc converter topologies invariably use current control techniques to achieve near unity power factor and reduce current distortion (%THD) 5% at the converter input. Among various current control schemes, Hysteresis Control, Predictive Control and Linear Control are widely used.

Hysteresis current control:

In hysteresis control scheme The actual line current (iactual) is measured. The reference current (iref) with desired magnitude and shape is derived from the voltage controller output. The instantaneous values of iactual and iref are compared using hysteresis comparator with hysteresis band (I).

Predictive current control:

In predictive current control scheme the switch voltage is predicted at the beginning of each modulation/switching period. The predicted switch voltage (Vsw*) is compared with double-edge triangular carrier signal to generate PWM pulse to the switches. In every switching/ modulation cycle, the switch voltage reference is predicated and used to generate gate pulses. This technique uses additional information along with error signal that improves converter dynamic performance but also increases cost on sensors and complexity in control

Linear current control:

In linear control scheme the actual current (iactual) is compared to the reference current (iref) to obtain the current error (ierror). The error is processed by a proportional-integral controller to provide a modulating signal for a PWM modulator. The modulator produces gate pulses for the converter switches. The controller requires minimum number of measured signals from converter and hence circuits becomes simple, straightforward, cost effective and reliable

Closed Loop Control :

Here The output voltage is regulated by the outer voltage control loop. and current wave shape are controlled by the inner current loop. Both controller are chosen as PI type compensator . The output voltage is regulated using voltage error (Verror) obtained by comparing the measured actual output voltage (Vactual) and desired reference voltage (Vref). The Verror is processed by the voltage PI-controller whose output is the desired current magnitude and limited to a designed maximum value. It is multiplied with unity magnitude sine-wave reference derived from input voltage.

Cont.

CHARACTERISTIC COMPARISON OF VARIOUS CURRENT CONTROL SCHEMES

PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS CONVERTERS AND CONTROL SCHEMES

LITERATURE REVIEW

Manjusha Dawande and G.K.Dubey, Single phase switch mode rectifiers, International Conference IEEE PEDES-96, India, 1996, pp. 637-643.

In this paper six new circuits of single phase boost type Switch Mode Rectifiers (SMRs) are presented. These SMRs can use any of the constant or variable switching frequency control techniques for the input supply current wave shaping. Experimental results for unity power factor operation are provided for three of these SMRs

Standard SMR.

Full bridge SMR with ac side inductance and MOSFET

Full bridge SMR with six diodes, MOSFET

Centre tapped SMR with dc side inductor and ac side inductor and dc side MOSFET

Half bridge SMR with ac side inductor and single MOSFET

Half bridge SMR with ac side inductor and two MOSFET

[2] Dr. Manjusha Dawande & Dr. G. K. Dubey, SWITCHING TECHNIQUES FOR SWITCH MODE RECTIFIER, IEEE 1999 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, PEDS'99, July 1999, HongKong.

This paper discusses the four HCC switching techniques used for SMR . 1. Absolute hysteresis band control 2. Constant percentage hysteresis band control 3. Bang bang hysteresis band control 4. Multichannel hysteresis band control

Absolute hysteresis band control:

In this technique, the absolute value of hysteresis band hw is pre-decided and it remains same at all load conditions. The hysteresis band is given as hw =(iref + i) - (iref - i) = 2 I

upper boundary is given by. iup = (iref + i) while the lower boundary is given by ilow = (iref - i)

Constant percentage hysteresis band control :

Here the hysteresis band hw is dependent on input current and is calculated as a desired percentage multiple of the rms input current i.e. hw, = KIref where K is the fixed percentage of reference rms current. Equation hw =(iref + i) - (iref - i) = 2 I remains valid in constant percentage hysteresis band control. The hysteresis band hw , remains constant for the complete cycle but its absolute value increases as the load current increases.

Bang bang hysteresis band control:

In this control technique the hysteresis band depends upon the instantaneous value of reference waveform. hysteresis band hw (2i) is a fixed percentage of instantaneous value of current. Band hw, narrows towards zero crossing of the cycle and increases as the instantaneous current increases. the switching frequency increases considerably near 0 and 180.

Multichannel hysteresis band control:

Multichannel hysteresis band control technique is employed to MSMR configuration. In this control technique, both the channels are operated within the same hysteresis band. The current reference remains same for both the channels but is half of the total input current reference. Iref1 = iref2 = iref / 2 where iref is the total reference input current and iref1 and iref2 are the channel 1 and channel 2 current references Bang bang HCC shows less harmonic contents and . maximum switching frequency multichannel HCC shows a advantage of less current stresses on the boost devices as the current is shared in multi channels and reduces the ripple with simple technique

Conclusion:

[3] Dr. Manjusha Dawande & Dr. G. K.Dubey, BangBang Current Control with Predecided Switching Frequency for Switch-Mode Rectifiers, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 46, NO. 1 FEBRUARY1999,

In this paper An active current wave shaping /control technique with continuous conduction of input current and suitable for single-phase switchmode rectifiers (SMRs) is proposed. The nature of input current is similar to that of bangbang hysteresis current control. The technique does not require a reference hysteresis window. Current control is achieved with constant switching frequency for a given load current. The switching frequency varies inversely with the load current, but is known and pre-decided.

[4] Ramesh Srinivasan, A Unity Power Factor Converter Using Half-Bridge Boost Topology, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 13, NO. 3, MAY 1998.

In this paper A single-phase high-efficiency near-unity power factor (PF) halfbridge boost converter circuit, Is proposed. This converter is capable of operating under variable PF. However, the focus of this paper is in achieving unity PF operation only. The efficiency of this circuit is high because there is only one series semiconductor on-state voltage drop at any instant. The cause for the imbalance is analyzed using appropriate models, and a control method to eliminate it is discussed in detail. Analysis and design considerations for the power circuit using the fixed-band hysteresis current control (HCC) technique are provided.

[5] Manjusha S. Dawande, R. Kanetkar, and Gopal K. Dubey, Three-phase Switch Mode Rectifier with Hysteresis Current Control, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 1 1 , NO. 3, MAY 1996

three-phase configuration of a switch mode rectifier (SMR) that makes use of continuous conduction waveform of the input supply current is proposed. Continuous conduction is achieved by the hysteresis current control (HCC) technique.

This three-phase SMR operates at close to unity power factor and has reduced current stresses on the switching devices.
The conduction period considered for the rectifier diodes is 180 .

Three phase SMR using three single phase SMRs

[6]Md. Ashfanoor Kabir, Amina Hasan Abedint, Dhrubo Rahmanl, and M. A. Choudhury Boost and Buck Topology Based Single Phase AC-DC Converters with Low THD and High Power FactorIEEE PEDES-2011

In this paper two topologies of single-phase Buck and Boost AC-DC converters are presented. Instead of using a single phase rectifier followed by a boost dc-dc converter, the rectifier's input is chopped at high frequency during positive and negative cycles by a bi-directional switch in each of the Boost and Buck conversion mode to get step-up or step-down ac-dc conversion.

Proposed circuit Configuration

proposed Boost topology

proposed Buck topology

Direction of current flow in the positive half cycle for the proposed Boost topology Switch ON and Switch OFF

Direction of current flow in the negative half cycle for the proposed Boost topology Switch ON and Switch OFF

conclusion:

the proposed schemes have low THD(%) as compared to conventional Boost and Cuk regulators. proposed Boost scheme shows high input power factor throughout the range of duty cycles. whereas, the proposed Buck topology shows low Power factor at smaller duty cycles which increases with the increment of duty ratio for the particular load under consideration.

Proposed Work:

The main objective of the thesis is to develop high power factor switch mode AC-DC converter The proposed control strategy for AC-DC converter is based on hysteresis current control method

References:
[1] Manjusha Dawande and G.K.Dubey, Single phase switch mode rectifiers, Conference IEEE PEDES-9G, India, 1996, pp. 637-643. International [2] Dr. Manjusha Dawande & Dr. G. K.Dubey, SWITCHING TECHNIQUES FOR SWITCH MODE RECTIFIER, IEEE 1999 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, PEDS'99, July 1999, Hong Kong.

[3] Dr. Manjusha Dawande & Dr. G. K.Dubey, BangBang Current Control with Predecided Switching Frequency for Switch-Mode Rectifiers,IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1999
[4] Ramesh Srinivasan, A Unity Power Factor Converter Using Half-Bridge Boost Topology, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 13, NO. 3, MAY 1998.

[5] Manjusha S. Dawande, vilas R. Kanetkar & Dr. G. K.Dubey, Three-phase Switch Mode Rectifiervwith Hysteresis Current Control IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 1 1 , NO. 3, MAY 1996
[6] Improved Power Quality AC/DC Converters by Abdul Hamid Bhat and Pramod Agarwal National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Kashmir India [7] Md. Ashfanoor Kabir, Amina Hasan Abedint, Dhrubo Rahmanl, and M. A. Choudhury Boost and Buck Topology Based Single Phase AC-DC Converters with Low THD and High Power FactorIEEE PEDES-2011

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