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Dr. WAN NEDRA Sp.A Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Fakultas Kedokteran YARSI 2009
Introduction
In developed countries, 50% of pediatric hospitalization is due to acute diarrhea (WHO) Electrolyte abnormalities are common in children with diarrhea It may remain unrecognized and result in mortality and morbidity The common electrolyte disturbance:
hyponatremia (56%) hypokalemia (46%) mixed electrolyte disturbance: 37% The pathogenesis of hyponatremia in diarrhea is due to a combination sodium and water loss and water retention to compensate the volume depletion
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CASE 1
A 4 year old male presents to the emergency department with a history of vomiting and diarrhea. He has had 10 episodes of vomiting & 8 episodes of diarrhea with some mucusy material in the first few episodes. The diarrhea is now watery and the last few episodes have been red in color. His parents gave him a sports drink, and then they tried clear Pedialyte. Despite this, he continues to have vomiting and diarrhea. He feels weak and tired and he looks slightly pale at times. He has only urinated twice in the last 15 hours. Exam: T 38.2 , P 110, R45, BP 90/65, Weight 18 kg. He is alert and cooperative, but not very active. He is not toxic or irritable. His eyes are not sunken. His oral mucosa is moist but he just vomited. His neck is supple. Hear and lung exams are normal except for tachycardia. His abdomen is soft and non-tender. Bowel sounds are normoactive. His overall color is slightly pale, his capillary refill time is 2 seconds over his chest, and his skin turgor feels somewhat diminished.
Normal saline is infused at 360 cc/hour for two hours (total of 720 cc). It is pointed out that 360 cc is only 20 cc/kg which replaces only 2% of the body's weight (i.e., it corrects 2% dehydration), it doesn't include maintenance fluids, and 360 cc is the same volume as a soft drink can. He is also given ondansetron (Zofran) for nausea relief. His chemistry panel shows Na 135, K3.4, Cl 99, bicarb 15. During the first hour of the IV fluid infusion, he says that he feels much better. He is on a regular diet and continues to improve. Because he has improved, no antibiotic treatment is started. However, vigorous hand washing and hygiene regarding dishes/utensils for all family members is recommended.
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Mineral
Sodium (Na) Potasium (K) Chlorida (Cl) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Phosphate (P) 12/22/2013
Dosis
2-3 mEq 1-2 mEq 3-5 mEq 50-200 mg 0.4-0.8 mEq 15-50 mg ined/h20/elk/abIned-yarsi
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Sodium Serum
Laboratory finding:
Isonatremia
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Isonatremia-Isotonisitas Isoosmolalitas
Isonatremia
Sodium serum 135-145 mEq/L
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Isonatremia-Isotonisitas Hiperosmolalitas
Isonatremia
Sodium serum 135-145 mEq/L
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Isonatremia-Hipertonisitas Hiperosmolalitas
Isonatremia
Sodium serum 135-145 mEq/L
Hiponatremia
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Hiponatremia-Hipotonisitas Hipoosmolalitas
Hiponatremia Sodium serum < 130 mEq/L Hipotonik Osmotic gradient (+)
Tekanan osmotik : rendah
Perpindahan air
edema sel
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: ECF ICF
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Hiponatremia-Hipertonisitas
Hiponatremia Sodium serum < 130 mEq/L Hipertonik Osmotic gradient (+) Tekanan osmotik : tinggi Perpindahan air : ICF ECF dehidrasi sel
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Hipernatremia
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Hypernatremia
Less common than hyponatremia Relative water deficit in relation to
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Hipernatremia
Hipernatremia Sodium serum 150 mEq/L Hipertonik Osmotic gradient (+)
Tekanan osmotik : tinggi Perpindahan air
dehidrasi sel
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: ICF ECF
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Isonatremia-Isotonisitas Isoosmolalitas
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Hitung defisit :
Hitung maintenance
Air dan Na
Asumsi :
Air dan Na
Isonatremik - isotonik ~ NaCl 0.9% (NaCl 0.9% = 154 mEq Na/L H2O)
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Defisit air : 500 ml Defisit Na : 500 ml x 154 mEq/L = 77 mEq Maintenance air : 5 (kg) x 100 mL/kg = 500 ml Maintenance Na : 5 (kg) x 3 mEq/kg = 15 mEq Total H2O / 24 hr = 500 + 500 Total Na /24 hr = 77 + 15
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= 1000 ml = 92 mEq
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Dehidrasi hiponatremik
Sodium and water losses
Gastrointenstinal losses: Urinary losses
Vomiting Diarrhea
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125 mE/L
Hyernatremia Hypovolemic
Water loss in excess of sodium loss Sodium lost (hypotonic solution)
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Contoh
Jumlah air hipernatremiaisonatremia = X (X+TBW) x NaD = TBW x NaA X = (NaA/NaD) x TBW- (TBW) ml
X = (170/145) x (0.6x4.5)(0.6x4.5) = 465 ml
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Contoh
Defisit air = 500 ml Defisit Na = 500-465 = 35 mL (NaCl 0.9%) = 35ml x 154 mEq/L = 5 mEq
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Jumlah Air/24 jam = 500 + 500 ml = 1000 ml Jumlah Na/24 jam = 5 + 15 mEq = 20 mEq
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ined/h20/elk/abIned-yarsi
dehydration
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Hipernatremia
Diabetes Insipidus
Polyuria and polydipsia Deficient production of vasopressin or ADH Called pituitary DI or central DI. Polyuria without hypernatremia is not DI
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Hipernatremia
Diabetes Insipidus
Etiology Head trauma Cranial surgery specifically post-pituitary surgery Infectious meningitis, encephalitis
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Hipernatremia-Hipervolemik
Therapy Diuresis Replacing urinary losses with water
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Potasium
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Potassium balance
Internal Balance 1. Acidosis K+ moves from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment in exchange for H+ 2. Insulin Stimulates K+ uptake by muscle and hepatic cells. 3. Aldosterone Makes cells more receptive to the uptake of K+ and increases renal excretion of K+
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Potassium balance
Internal Balance 4. Epinephrine Combined alpha and beta receptor stimulation releases K+ from the liver Beta-receptor stimulation enhaces K+ uptake by muscle and liver The end result is a decrease in serum K+ 5. Propranolol impairs cellular uptake of K+. 3527/2/08 12/22/2013 ined/h20/elk/abIned-yarsi
Potassium balance
B. External Balance - Renal Potassium Excretion 1. An acute or chronic increase in K+ intake leads to increased secretion in the distal convoluted tubule. 2. A sodium load will increase flow past the distal tubule and cause K+ wasting. The converse is true too. 3. A mineralcorticoid deficiency leads to K+ retention and Na+ wasting, just as excess leads to opposite changes.
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Potassium balance
External Balance - GI Potassium Excretion Fecal excretion of K+ normally is small Diarrhea disorders, K+ loss increases significantly.
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Causes: Many
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Treatment
Restrict Exogenous K+ Calcium gluconate - 10 to 30 ml of 10% solution over 3 to 5 minutes NaHCO3 - 50 to 100 ml of 7.5% solution Hyperventilation will also create an alkalosis and drive K+ into cells Avoid hypoventilation,
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12/22/2013
Lasix, ethacrynic acid, or bumex Oral or rectal sodium or calcium polystyrene with sorbitol Peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis Transvenous pacemaker
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12/22/2013
Be a Winner of YARSI !
Winners: a True Formula for Success False formula: Winners are happy Losers are miserable
True formula: Happy people are winners Miserable people are losers
The Winner says, "It may be difficult but it's possible;" The Loser says, "It may be possible ined/h20/elk/abIned-yarsi but it's too difficult." 12/22/2013
Dr.Ined
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