FLUID MECHANICS

Presentation by:-

Mohammad Hammad Joufar

INTRODUCTION

Electricity has become an important and vital thing in the society

Generated in power plants in order to serve the public Cheap coal is used, can be installed anywhere near fuel and water supply and also cost for generation is less

Power Plant Pump System

Pump is a device that moves fluids by mechanical actions Primary applications such as fuel, oil handling and for auxiliary system such as lubrication and cooling

Flow of liquid affected by friction , pipe size, viscosity and bends in piping Two types of pump positive displacement pump and centrifugal pumps

Centrifugal Pumps

Used due to low maintenance & initial cost , wide variety of operating

condition & smooth continuous flow.

A rotodynamic pump uses rotating impeller to increase the velocity

Centrifugal Pump Working Principle

Operates by converting kinetic energy to an increased fluid static

pressure

Based on Bernoulli principle Fluid enters impeller & rotation of impeller gives kinetic energy & its drawn from impeller eyes forcing outward through impeller vanes

Impeller rotation provides centrifugal acceleration as fluid leaves

impeller a low pressure area created causing more liquid flow on inlet

Cavitation

Occurs when suction or inlet pressure is below vapour pressure or when

right pump is not used

Bubbles of air formed causing effect in efficiency , pump capacity and performance

When equals to vapour pressure liquid tend to boil and small bubble form

Bubbles move along the impeller vanes

Mechanical damages such as bearing failure or corrosion takes place Formed due to insufficient NSPH ( DIF of fluid & vapour pressure in suction) Bubbles collapse in impeller due to high pressure Cause erosion Life of pump is reduced

Avoiding Cavitation

Increasing Suction Pressure Decreasing Liquid Temperature Throttling back on the discharge valve to decrease flow rate Reducing motor speed if possible Minimising number of valves and bends in suction line Suction length being short as possible Suction pipe should be the same diameter as the pumps inlet connection Increasing the diameter of the eye of the impeller Ensure air doesnt enter suction line Increasing the size of valves and pipe work Painting or coating the parts and components so wear can be reduced Pop sounds are identifications

Pressure Surges

Changes in pressure occurs in pipeline ,changes in the fluids velocity results in pump switching and valve operation

Greater velocity result in high pressure Occurs due to variation of flow rate

Due to sudden closure of valves , pump failure during start and shutting
down pumps

Not much impact on small pipes Pipes can be damaged or rupture can be caused Valves , pump, fitting and foundation can be damaged Atmospheric pressure can cause pipe wall collapse

Controlling Pressure Surge

Proper designing

Regular inspections
Installing automatic shutoff device Three methods are present to avoid pressure surge
o

Install surge tanks : open tanks filled with partially pumped liquid connected to main lines , when pressure wave reaches connection point liquid level rises causing dissipation in waves energy preventing damage

o Install air vessels : when the pressure wave reaches the vessel the gas within compresses
and a part of the energy is converted in to heat which is dissipated through vessel walls. o Install a Pressure relief valve : between source of the pressure wave and the pump opens under the influence of the pressure wave, allowing part of liquid to escape through a bypass

Calculation
Parameter NSPH Cavitation Parameter Specific Speed Pressure when valve is closed uniform for 4s Obtained Results

. . . Rev/min .

Pressure when valve closed suddenly Change in level in surge tank IF pressure rise must not exceed 0.85MPa time for the valve to close normally

. . .

Size of pump Running speed of pump Running pump with wrong size Efficiency Input Power

. . / 125mm only available 65% . . /

Pressure Oscillation

Pressure surges travel along pipe at acoustic velocity and have tendency to reflect back where it started. At circumstances where valve is suddenly closed at turbine of a power plants , pressure surge travel to lake and reflect back as rarefaction Effect of oscillation can used by using surge tanks Cause of water hammer Amplitude of forced power oscillation induced is related with the amplitude of disturbance. With power plant capacity increasing larger, natural fluctuation frequency of pressure in steam inlet pipeline becomes lower

Discussion

Ways to avoid cavitation as mentioned earlier

Pipes must be professionally dimensioned accordance with the

requirements based on factors such as material, process boundary conditions such as temperature, pressure and operating modes.

Specific speed basically denotes the type of pump according to its design

and flow pattern

The range for specific speed for radial flow pump is said to be between 2504000.

To avoid cavitation NPSHA >NPSHR

Discussion

Install impeller with high tensile strength

Proper design factors must be considered to avoid problems

Closing valves fast causes high pressure resulting in pressure surges The exact pump size can not be found so matching pump must be found

Conclusion

To put in a nutshell the objective of the assignment was successfully

achieved

Pump systems in coal fired power plant was understood thoroughly Pressure surges and cavitation occurrence in pipeline were deeply understood and prevention factors were deduced

Cavitation has vital impact in life of pump as it leads to corrosion , impeller

damages , reduction in lifespan of pipe components , wear resulting pump failure

Materials used in construction of the system must be cavitation resistant