THEME

Disperse systems. Colloidal solutions: the preparation, purification and properties.

Plan
Disperse systems. Classification. Colloidal stat. Types of colloidal
solution. Preparation of colloidal solutions. Method of purification colloidal solution. Structure of colloidal parts. Stability of disperse systems Coagulation. The coagulation threshold. Sedimentation.

Disperse systems are called systems, which consist of two phases, one of which is scattered or dispersed in other. The disperse phase - phase which is scattered (dispersed) in medium. The disperse medium - phase in which dispersion done.

Classification:
By stat of dispersed phase and dispersed medium

 By size of dispersed phase

Fog

Colloidal solution
Colloidal solutions have dispersed phase particle, which size between 10-9 to 10-7m or 1 nm to 100 nm.

Classification of colloidal solution

Lyophilic colloids - solvent-attracting Lyophobic colloids - solvent-repelling

Preparation of colloidal solutions

1. Dispersion or disintegration methods:
Mechanical disintegration Electro-disintegration (Bredig s method).

2. Peptization 3. Condensation or aggregation methods:

chemical reaction:
- double decomposition; - reduction; - oxidation; - hydrolysis.

exchange of solvent; condensing vapours of a substance into the solvent; excessive cooling.

Dispersion
These methods involve the breaking of the bigger particles to colloidal size.

Mechanical disintegration
The mechanical disintegration is carried out
in a machine called colloid mill. It consists of two steel discs with a little gap in between and capable of rotating in the opposite directions at high speed. suspension of the substance in water introduced into the mill. The size of suspension particles is reduced to that of colloidal size

Electro-disintegration (Bredigs method)

This method is employed for obtaining colloidal solutions of metals like gold, silver, platinum etc. An electric arc is set up between two metallic electrodes suspended in trough of water. The intense heat of the arc converts the metal into vapours which are condensed immediately in the ice cold water bath resulting in the formation of particles of colloidal size

Peptization - is a process

of passing of a precipitate into colloidal particles on adding suitable electrolyte. The electrolyte added is called peptizing agent.

Condensation or aggregation methods

These methods involve the joining together of large number of smaller particles to form particles of colloidal size.

Chemical reactions
By double decomposition: As2O3 + 3H2S = As2S3 + 3H2O By reduction: 2 AuCl3 + 3SnCl2=2 u + 3SnCl4 By oxidation: Br2 + H2S = S + 2 HBr By hydrolysis: FeCl3 + 3 H2O = Fe(OH)3 + 3 HCl

By exchange of solvent
Substances like sulphur and phosphorous are fairly soluble in alcohol but less soluble in water. If their alcoholic solutions are poured in water, colloidal solutions of sulphur and phosphorus are obtained

By condensing vapours of substance into the solvent

Colloidal solutions of sulphur and

mercury in water are prepared by passing their vapours cold water containing little stabilizing agent like ammonium nitrate.

By excessive cooling
Colloidal solution of ice in an organic solvent like ether is obtained by freezing a mixture of the solvent and water

Purification colloidal solutions

When a colloidal solution is prepared, quite often it contains certain impurities of electrolytes which are crystalloidal in nature and tend to destabilize the solution. Hence their removal is very essential.

Method of purification colloidal solution

Dialysis: electrodialysis;
compensatory dialysis; vividialisis; hemodialysis; Artificial kidney. Ultrafiltration Ultracentrifugation

Dialysis
The process of separating the particles of
colloids from those of crystalloids by diffusion of the mixture through semipermeable membrane ( parchment or an animal membrane) is known as dialysis. The above process can be quickened if an electric field is applied around the membrane (the process is then called Electro- dialysis).

Electro-dialyser

The most important application of dialysis is in the purification of blood in the artificial kidney

 artificial kidney

Structure of colloidal parts

{[nuclear] + adsorptive layer} diffuse laeyr

 Structure of a micelle Fe (OH)3. The iron hydroxyde sol a formed, if iron chlorate

is hydrolyzed: FeCl3 + H2O = Fe(OH)3 + HCl Reaction products interact: Fe (OH)3 + HC1 = FeOCI + 2H2O Iron oxychloride can dissocied: FeOCI = FeO+ + ClThe potential-determining ions will be only FeO+ as the ion Cl-: {[Fe(OH)3]m n FeO+ (n-x)Cl-}x+ xCl-

Properties
1. Physical Properties

Heterogeneous character Stability Filterability Visibility

2. 3. 4. 5. Colligative properties - osmotic pressure Mechanical properties Brownian movement Optical properties Tyndall affect Electrical properties

Kinetic stability
major source of kinetic stability of
colloids is the existence of an electric charge on the surfaces of the particles. On the account of this charge, ions of opposite charge tend to cluster nearby, and an ionic atmosphere is formed.

On placing colloidal solution under the influence of an electric field, the particles of the dispersion medium move towards oppositely charged electrode, provided the colloidal particles is called electroosmosis.

The movement of colloidal particles under the influence of an electric field is called electrophoresis or cataphoresis.

) Before electrophoresis (b) After electrophoresis

Flocculation (coagulation) Aggregation of the particles arising from the stabilizing effect of this secondary minimum is called flocculation.

Hardy-Schulze Law

Greater is the valency of the

oppositely charged ion of the electrolyte being added, the faster is the coagulation.

Sedimentation
In gravitational field, heavy
particles settle towards the foot of column of solution by the process called sedimentation.