HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS

NATURAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT URBAN GROWTH

PRESENCE OF FERTILE SOIL, BODIES OF WATER AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES

POTENTIAL FOR NATURAL CALAMITIES

SLOPE TERRAIN AND OTHER FORMS OF NATURAL DEFENCES

CLIMATE

Prehistoric Times Man lived in groups for protection against elements, security from rival tribes, ease of food gathering and natural need for companionship

La Caux Cave

Catal Huyuk, Turkey

Catal Huyuk

Nile Delta and the Nile River

Egyptian Dwellings

Culture of preparing for the afterlife

Aryans inhabited the Indus Valley

Mohendro Daro: Indus Civilization

Yellow River Valley

Forbidden City

Fertile Crescent

Euphrates River

Tigris River

Minoan civilization

Palace of King Minos, Knossos

Acropolis

Miletus of Hippodamus

The Gridiron

Priene

Roman Forum

Forum Romanum Magnum

Republican Forum:
Architectural Masses as Character Full of Odd Corners Layout is Informal

Imperial Forum:
Urban Space as Character Spacious and Open Layout is Orderly

Trajans Forum
Apollodorus of Damascus

Medieval Planning

Florence City Thriving commercial, travel and trade center

11TH CENTURY PORT TOWNS

City of Sienna

The city of culture and the arts

Vienna University Town

City of Jerusalem

Ideal City of Sforzinda

Laurana Ideal City

Scamozzis Palmanova Italy

Domenico Fontana: Baroque Rome

Piazza del Popolo

Piazza San Pietro

Piazza Navona

Piazza Barberini

Law of the Indies

pueblo presidio mission

Plaza complex consists of: Catholic Church Municipal Hall Market Place School Principalia Homes Government Buildings

French Bastides

Courtyard

Common Arrabales Community facilities .

Bastide Monflaquin

Familistere by Jean Baptiste Andre Godin

Familistere de Guise

Phalanx by Charles Fourier

Une Cite Industrielle by Tony Garnier

Barrio de Vivendas na Cidade Industrial

Ebenezer Howard

Elementary school as focal point grade separation

Radburn City, New Jersey Clarence Stein and Henry Wright

High density development

Le Corbusiers The Age of Automobile

Voisin

Le Contemporaine

La Guerre Arriene

Chandigarh City, India

City of Brasilia

Canberra City

Walter Griffin

Linear City Don Arturo Soria y Mata

Broadacre City FL Wright

City Beautiful Movement Daniel Burnham

Chicago

Frederick Law Olmstead

New Urbanism: Andres Duany,Elizabeth Plater Zyberk

Walking City Ron Herron 1964

Montreal Expo 67

Coruscant

Los Angeles 2019

Mont Royale Avenue

URBAN MORPHOLOGY The internal organization or "anatomy" of a city, including the pattern of land uses, ethnic and income groups, infrastructure, housing types, industrial types, and so on.

ETHNIC AND ECONOMIC SEGREGATION Despite laws prohibiting racial segregation by realtors and investors, American cities remain racially divided because of the interaction of the following: the income differential between different groups the segregation of neighborhoods by income zoning laws that protect high-income neighborhoods from "incompatible landuses" like apartments and duplexes perception of higher land as "better" inertia created by segregation established by realtors and lenders in earlier decades perception of social distance between groups
URBAN ETHNIC ENCLAVES Ethnic enclaves in the city expand and contract over time Commonly minority populations struggle for access to a limited supply of affordable housing This keeps some groups in older, central parts of the city

Zone Model Ernest Burgess, 1920s a Sociologist at the University of Chicago Invasion and succession drove formation of concentric rings An ecological model, with ethnic groups as the species His model included Little Sicily, Chinatown, Deutschland, underworld roomers, single-family dwellings, and bungalow section Pertained to early 20th c. Chicago in time of European immigration

Sector Model Homer Hoyt, 1930s wedges form along transportation corridors railroads & canals lined by industrial districts main roads & some waterfronts lined by houses of the wealthy Households of different income and ethnic groups filter towards outer edge in the pre-established direction Freeways do not follow this pattern

Multi-Nucleated Model Chauncy Harris and Edward Pullman, dominant in the 1990s and 2000s Majority of commutes are edge-to-edge rather than edge to center Majority of new office space is at the edge Sectoral pattern breaks down because of leapfrog development CBD is only the center of a very particular range of services (e.g. bars!)

Factors affecting where the richest families will live

lower cost of land newer infrastructure access to desired facilities and geographical locations (what are these?) negative perception of certain social groups (racism and classicism) status-seeking behavior willingness and ability to commute

Factors affecting where the poorest families will live

scarcity of affordable housing inability to avoid inadequate or decaying infrastructure inability to maximize access to desired facilities spatial avoidance by those in more favored groups ability/inability to commute (creates two zones of low-income housing)