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Chapter 3:
BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING
Chapter Objectives:
Analog-to-digital signaling (pulse code modulation )
Binary and multilevel digitals signals
Spectra and bandwidths of digital signals
Prevention of intersymbol interference
Time division multiplexing
Packet transmission


Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
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INTRODUCTION
This chapter we study how to encode analog waveforms into base
band digital signals. Digital signal is popular because of the low
cost and flexibility.
Main goals:
To study how analog waveforms can be converted to digital
waveforms, Pulse Code Modulation.
To learn how to compute the spectrum for digital signals.
Examine how the filtering of pulse signals affects our ability to
recover the digital information. Intersymbol interference (ISI).
To study how we can multiplex (combine) data from several
digital bit streams into one high-speed digital stream for
transmission over a digital system Time-division Multiplexing.
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PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is used to describe the
conversion of the analog signal to a pulse-type signal in which the
amplitude of the pulse denotes the analog information.

The purpose of PAM signaling is to provide another waveform that
looks like pulses, yet contains the information that was present in
the analog waveform.

There are two classes of PAM signals:
PAM that uses Natural Sampling (gating);
PAM that uses Instantaneous Sampling to produce a flat-top
pulse.

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Natural Sampling (Gating)
DEFINTION: If w(t) is an analog waveform bandlimited to B hertz, the PAM
signal that uses natural sampling (gating) is

w
s
(t) =w(t)s(t) Where


S(t) is a rectangular wave switching waveform and f
s
= 1/T
s
2B.
THEORM: The spectrum for a naturally sampled PAM signal is:



Where f
s
= 1/T
s
,

s
= 2 f
s
,
the Duty Cycle of s(t) is d = /T
s
,
W(f)= F[w(t)] is the spectrum of the original unsampled waveform,
c
n
represents the Fourier series coefficients of the switching waveform.
sin( )
( ) F[ ( )] ( ) ( )
s s n s s
n n
nd
W f w t c W f nf d W f nf
nd
t
t

= =
= = =

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Natural Sampling (Gating)
w(t)
w
s
(t) =w(t)s(t)
s(t)
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Generating Natural Sampling
The PAM wave form with natural sampling can be generated using a
CMOS circuit consisting of a clock and analog switch as shown.


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Spectrum of Natural Sampling
The duty cycle of the switching
waveform is d = /T
s
= 1/3.
The sampling rate is f
s
= 4B.
sin( )
( ) F[ ( )] ( ) ( )
s s n s s
n n
nd
W f w t c W f nf d W f nf
nd
t
t

= =
= = =

sin( )
( ) ( )

sin( )

s s
n
nd
W f d W f nf
nd
nd
d
nd
t
t
t
t

=
=

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Recovering Naturally Sampled PAM
At the receiver, the original analog waveform, w(t), can be recovered
from the PAM signal, w
s
(t), by passing the PAM signal through a low-
pass filter where the cutoff frequency is: B <f
cutoff
< f
s
-B

If the analog signal is under sampled f
s
< 2B, the effect of spectral
overlapping is called Aliasing. This results in a recovered analog
signal that is distorted compared to the original waveform.
LPF Filter
B <f
cutoff
< f
s
-B
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Demodulation of PAM Signal
The analog waveform may be recovered from the PAM signal
by using product detection,
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Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM)


This type of PAM signal
consists of instantaneous
samples.

w(t) is sampled at t = kT
s
.

The sample values w(kT
s
)
determine the amplitude of
the flat-top rectangular
pulses.
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Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM)
DEFINITION: If w(t) is an analog waveform bandlimited to B
Hertz, the instantaneous sampled PAM signal is given by


Where h(t) denotes the sampling-pulse shape and, for flat-top sampling,
the pulse shape is,
THEOREM: The spectrum for a flat-top PAM signal is:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
s s s s s s
k k k
w t w kT h t kT h t w kT t kT h t w t t kT o o

= = =
(
= = - = -
(


| |
1
( ) ( ) ( )
sin
( ) ( )
s s
k
s
W f H f W f nf
T
f
H f h t
f
tt
t
tt

=
=
| |
= =
|
\ .

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The spectrum of the flat-top PAM



Analog signal maybe recovered from the flat-top PAM signal by the use of a LPF.
LPF Response
Note that the recovered signal
has some distortions due to the
curvature of the H(f).
Distortions can be removed by
using a LPF having a response
1/H(f).
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Some notes on PAM
The flat-top PAM signal could be generated by using a sample-
and-hold type electronic circuit.
There is some high frequency loss in the recovered analog
waveform due to filtering effect H(f) caused by the flat top pulse
shape.
This can be compensated (Equalized) at the receiver by making the
transfer function of the LPF to 1/H(f)
This is a very common practice called EQUALIZATION
The pulse width is called the APERTURE since /T
s
determines
the gain of the recovered analog signal


Disadvantages of PAM
PAM requires a very larger bandwidth than that of the original signal;
The noise performance of the PAM system is not satisfying.