SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE :

1. Cartilage 2. Bone

General feature of cartilage :

Characteristic by firmness & resiliency. It form fetal skeleton and persist where mechanical properties are needed. Most fetal cartilage is replace by bone. Blood supply : most cartilage is enveloped by a dense CT layer, the perichondrium, which contains the vascular supply and fibroblast-like stemcell from additional chondrocyte arise.

Cartilage:
There are three 3 types cartilage: 1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrous cartilage They are differ in appearance and mechanical properties and in extracellular matrix composition. No distinction is made among the cells in defferent cartilage types

Component of cart. :
Cells Extracellular substance : Fibers :
Hyaline cart.: type II collagen Elastic cart. : Elastic & type II collagen Fibrocart. : type I collagen ( coarse)

Ground substance

Cells :
Chondrocyte : in lacuna Chondroblast: elliptic shape with the long axis parallel to the surface. Synthese collagen & matrix molecules May appear in groups up to 8 cell called isogenous (mitotic division of chondrocyte) In routine preparation retraction from capsul, in living tissue fill the lacuna

Matrix : 40 % consist of collagen type II Ground substance :

Proteoglycans : * chondroitin 4 sulfat * Chodroitin 6 sulfat * Keratan sulfat * Hyaluronic acid Glycoprotein, Glycoaminoglicans Terrritorial matrix : Rich of glycoaminoglycans & Poor in collagen

Ground substance composition control of nutrition and oxygen to chondrocyte from perichondrium

Perichondrium :
Outer layer (fibrous layer): A layer dense CT. It is rich in collagen type I. It contains numerous fibroblast Inner layer (chondrogenic layer) : Contains cells resemble fibroblasts, they are chondroblast. It harbors the vasc. supply. All form of cartilage are avascular and nourished by diffusion of nutrient from capillaries in perichondrium or by synovial fluid from joint cavities.

Histogenesis :
All cartilage derived from embryonic mesenchym Cells at the first mesenchymal condensation become a chondroblast and secrete cartilage matrix.After it surrounded by cartilage matrix is termed chondrocyte. Peripheral mesenchyme condenses around the developing cartilage mass to form dense regular CT of the perichondrium.

Growth:

Cartilage grew in 2 processes; both involve mitosis and deposition of additional matrix Matrix synthesis is enchanced by growth hormon, thyroxin and testosteron and inhibited by estradiol and excess cortison chondrocyte and gives rise to the isogenous group.

1. Interstitial growth involves the division of existing 2. Appositional growth involves the differentiation into
chondrocyte by chondroblast and stem cells on the perichondriums inner surface

Hyaline cartilage :
The chondrocyte are embedded in matrix either singly or in isogenous groups of 2 8 cells derived from one parent cell.

The space occupied by each chondrocyte called a lacuna, is visible only after cells death or after shrinkage during tissue processing.

 The matrix surrounding the chondrocytes called the capsular (territorial matrix), is more basophilic and PAS (+) than intercapsular (interterritorial matrix), owing the higher sulfated GAG consentration and lower collagen. Hyaline cartilage is surrounded and nourished by perichondrium except for articular cartilage. Articular cartilage is nourished by the synovial fluid in the joint cavity.

The Location Of Hyaline Cart. : Fetal skeletal tissue mainly made by hyaline cart. As fetal cart. is replaced by bone, hyaline cart. remains in the epiphyseal plates at the ends of long bones. Hyaline cart. is the most abundant and widely distributed in the body. The tissue are found at.
The costal cart. Most of the laryngeal cart. The cart. ring of the trachea The irregular cart. plates in the walls of the bronchi Articular surface of the moveable joint.

REGENERATION OF CARTILAGE
Injuries not repaired by the cartilage Adult cells of cartilago likely do not divide

or have very limited ability.

Perichondrium proliferates to fill defect/gap Fibroblasts transform into chondroblasts Chondroblasts deposit new matrix

Fractures: may be united by permanent fibrous tissue

Fibrous tissue may be replaced by bone.

Degenerative Aging Processes

Hyaline cartilage is more susceptible to be calcified. Calcification of the matrix is preceded by an increase in the size and volume of chondrocytes and followed by their death. Asbestiform degeneration( amiantine deg.) is due to the formation of localized aggregates of thick, abnormal collagen fibrils

Elastic cartilage :
Composition : Elastic cart. contains dense network of branching elastic fiber and type II collagen, fibers. The colour is yellowish because the presence of elastin. The perichondrium encloses elastic cartilage. Elastic cartilage can be found at. The external ear The external auditory canals and auditory tubes The epiglottis The corniculate & cuneiform of the larynx

Fibrocartilage:
Intermediate between dense CT & hyalin Cart. Border is not clear Characterised by type I collagen Chondrocyte (singly or isogenous) lies among the densely packed type I collagen bundles The capsular matrix contains type II collagen No perichondrium. Fibrocartilage never occurs alone! . Merges with hyaline cartilage or surrounding fibrous tissue

Fibrocartilage Occurrence: Intervertebral disks

Pubic symphsis
Articular cartilages and capsules Lining tendon grooves Insertions of tendons and ligaments (some)
Intervertebral disc (Rat). C = chondrocytes (H&E/Alcian Blue)

BONE
dr. Arliek R.J. MS

Support

Protection

Leverage

Storage and production

Composition of Bone

Function :
Supporting fragile structure Protect vital organ,Harbors hematopoietic t Reservoir calcium, phosphat Composition : *Cellular: osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast *Intercellular bone matrix : Fibers : collagen type I Ground substance

Type of bone tissue :

I. Architectur :* Spongy/ primary(woven) *Compact/ secondary lamellar II. Histogenesis : - Intramembranous - Endochondral III. Shape : long bone, flat bone

Surface :
External Periosteum: double layered CT * Outer : Fibrous layer dense CT * Inner : Osteogenic layer loose CT bone precursor Sharpey fibers : periostal collagen fibers penetrate
bone matrix to anchor periosteum to bone

Internal Endosteum : thin, reticular CT- bone & blood cell precursor, line marrow cavities

Part of long bones :

Diaphysis : long bone shaft, walls of compact bone & central marrow cavity line with endosteum Epiphysis : bulbous end, mostly spongy B. Bones to form movable joint covered by articular cartilage

Bone tissue

obtaining thin section with grinding bone slices until translucent & demineralized in dilute acid or Ca chelating agent Bone cells: a. Osteoprogenitor cell, stem cell found in :
Endosteum & Periosteum 2 types : 1. Form osteoblastfrom mesenchym 2. Form osteoclast-from monocyte

b. Osteoblast :
*One cell thick sheet on surface-simple cuboid *High alkaline phosphatase *Secrete all organic the organic component *participate on bone mineralization

C. Osteocyte : * found in cavity in bone matrix -> called lacuna

* Long, thin cytoplasm processes > filopodia radiate from the cell body in canaliculi * Osteocyte isolated from one another by impermeable bone matrix and contact one another at the tips of filopodia gap junction nutrien & oxygen and dispose of waste. * Incapable of mitosis * Derived from osteoblast round lacuna flattened lacuna

d. Osteoclast * bone resorbing cell

* Lying on bone surface in shallow depression Howships lacuna. * Large & multinucleated ( 2 50/ cell) * acidophilic cytoplasm many lysosome

 - C.t membrane osteoblast osteoid mineralized primary oss. Center trabeculae membrane bone. Ex. : - temporal bone - parietal - periostal bone collar in enchondral

Primary bone : 1. Intramembranous ossification/ Desmal

2. Endochondral ossification Basic steps :

a.Cartilage modelreplacing with bone b. Periostal bone collar intramembranoes C. Zone : - Reserve - Proliferation - Hypertrophy - Calcification atrophy - Ossification

Penulangan endochondral