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Master Station
M o d e m
M o d e m
User Interface
Communications
User Interface
Analog Output
1. SCADA
A SCADA system, strictly speaking, is limited to performance of traditional function such as the gathering of data and performance of control functions. A small amount of record keeping and other data reporting functions are usually included.
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2. SCADA / AGC
A SCADA and automatic generation control (AGC) system is similar to a simple a SCADA system except some limited generation control capabilities are included. These capabilities include the ability to calculate area control error, monitor frequency and tie lines and perform a limited economic dispatch of a few generating units.
Technology has lowered the cost of control and supervision of devices located throughout the feeder lines to the point where it is now becoming routine. The DMS frequently includes topology analysis and load flow programs that allow rapid identification of problems and restoration of service.
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2.
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(Contd.)
State Estimation, Security Analysis and Optimal Power Flow applications provide the real time means of developing controls for operating power systems securely. To achieve this objective, they execute sequentially, validating the condition of the power system. Fig.2 illustrates the real time environment.
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(Contd.)
Execution of the network applications may be initiated several ways. Commonly they execute continually at periodic rates that range from 5 to 20 minutes. Operators can set the optimum rates within limits governed by EMS computing power. State estimation is the first application to execute. State Estimation uses telemetered, scheduled and manually entered data to determine the network topology and state of the power system. Network topology refers to the connectivity of the power system components and is determined from status information collected by SCADA. Once the state of the power system is calculated security analysis may be execute, followed by optimal power flow.
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(Contd.)
Security Analysis determines the potential impact of contingencies. OPF recommends the control that may be used to correct actual violations and/or prevent or correct contingency violations. In Fig.2 it is assumed that the controls recommended by OPF are implemented automatically in closed loop fashion via active control, reactive control and SCADA. SCADA sends EMS commands controlling circuit breakers, transformers, phase shifters and generators via remote terminal units.
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(Contd.)
Typically active control includes automatic generation control and economic dispatch. Acting through SCADA, AGC/ED performs generation control for very few seconds to meet load and interchange schedules economically. OPF, however, passes generating unit limits at the slower periodicity of the network applications. Reactive control provides an OPF interface that serves the potential need for coordinating reactive power controls such as generator voltage schedules; transformer taps and shunts capacitor/reactor banks. Though the controls may pass from OPF to SCADA directly reactive control also allows for more frequent power system feedback to be taken into account.
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B. Study Environment
Changes Save case
Save case
Study case
Security Analysis
Apply Contingency
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Study Environment
The network applications commonly used for studies are Power flow, OPF and security analysis. Fig.3 illustrates the study environment where OPF includes the Power flow applications. Execution of each study application is controlled by the operator in an environment that is separate from the real time environment. Typically, the study environment allows several operators to make concurrent studies on a noninterference basis and is supported by the ability to store and retrieve input/output results through a library of save cases.
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Study Environment
(Contd.)
Once satisfied that the study case is correct the operator normally execute power flow or OPF and reviews the results. The operator can save the results and execute Security Analysis to determine the potential impact of contingencies. After reviewing the output from security analysis, the operator may choose to apply a particular contingency such as the one that has the severest impact to the study case.
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K(1) S(1)
SUB X
SUB Y
Topological Classification
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Control desk desired boundary flows, machine sync times restrictions in performance
generator outputs
30 min instructions Station operator plant limits control of auxiliaries governor set point power output Machine controller
plant conditions
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Function
Description
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Automatic Generation Control (AGC) Economic Dispatch Calculation (EDC) Unit Commitment.
The function of the AGC is to allocate the generation among the system generator units in real-time to meet the system load. This program allocates generation among the available units so as to minimize the cost of supplying the system load. The Unit Commitment function is to establish the minimal cost operating policy over a specified time period, (usually a day to one week) within a set of specified constraints. To forecast then system load, usually for the next one day to one week, taking account of historical as well as weather load models. The State Estimator is a mathematical procedure for producing the best estimate of the status of a network, from a set of measurements. The result of the State estimation provides the base from which the Contingency Analysis program is run. The Power Flow Program provides the capability for operators and operation planners to study the effects on the power network under postulated conditions. This application program performs the calculation of three phase and/or single phase to ground short circuit currents and the associated voltage profile. Provides short term forecasting of the loads on feeders and stations. Simulates and analyses the dynamic response of an interconnected system for several seconds following a disturbance. This application program automatically assesses the impact of selected outages on the real-time power system and alerts the user to rating violations on affected pieces of equipment. This equipment provides the engineers with familiarization with the operations in a power control system.
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Power Flow
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