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POWER QUALITY

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Index
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Introduction Power Quality Problems Power Quality Measurement Devices Power Quality Terminology Power Quality Standards Unbundled Power Quality Services Power Quality Monitoring Benefits of Power Quality Conclusion References

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WHAT IS POWER QUALITY.?

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Power Quality means to have a perfect power supply. A perfect power supply would be one that is always available, always within voltage and frequency tolerances, and has a pure noise free sinusoidal wave shape. It is a set of electrical boundaries that allows equipment to function in its intended manner without significant loss of performance or life expectancy. According to IEEE, the concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a manner suitable for the equipment.

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Notching

Voltage Swells & sags

Power Quality Problem

Interruption

Voltage Transients
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Harmonic Distortion

Power quality problems

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Voltage sags: Voltage sag is decrease in voltage to between 10 and 90% of nominal voltage for one-half cycle to one minute .They can be generated both internally and externally from an end users facility. Voltage swells: Voltage swells are increase in voltage above 110% of nominal for one-half cycle to one minute. Although swells occur infrequently when compared to sags, they can cause equipment malfunction and premature wear. Harmonics: Harmonics are a recurring distortion of the waveform that can be caused by various devices including variable frequency drives, non-linear power supplies etc.
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Power quality problems

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Transients: Transients are very short duration (subcycle) events of varying amplitude. Interruptions: When the voltage drops below 10% of its nominal value it is called an interruption or a blackout. Interruptions have three classifications: momentary, temporary and sustained. Notching: It is a disturbance of opposite polarity to the normal voltage waveform (which is subtracted from the normal waveform) lasting for less than one-half cycle. Notching is frequently caused by malfunctioning electronic switches or power conditioners.

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Power quality problems

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Oscilloscopes

Data Loggers and Chart Recorders

Power Quality Measurement Devices

Harmonic Analyzer
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Transient Disturbance Analyzer

POWER QUALITY TERMINOLOGY

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Distortion Qualitative term indicating the deviation of a periodic wave from its ideal waveform characteristics. Distortion factor Ratio of the RMS of the harmonic content of a periodic wave to the RMS of the fundamental content of the wave, expressed as a percent. This is also known as the total harmonic distortion (THD) Flicker Variation of input voltage sufficient in duration to allow visual observation of a change in electric light source intensity. Quantitatively, flicker may be expressed as the change in voltage over nominal expressed as a percent. For example, if the voltage at a 120-V circuit increases to 125 V and then drops to 117 V, the flicker,f, is calculated as f= 100(125 117)/120 = 6.66%.
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POWER QUALITY TERMINOLOGY

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Linear loads Electrical load which in steady-state operation presents essentially constant impedance to the power source throughout the cycle of applied voltage. Nonlinear load Electrical load that draws currents discontinuously or whose impedance varies during each cycle of the input AC voltage waveform. Impulse Traditionally used to indicate a short duration overvoltage event with certain rise and fall characteristics. Standards have moved toward including the term impulse in the category of transients

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POWER QUALITY STANDARDS IN INDIA

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Indian government electricity regulatory authorities use reliability indices (developed by IEEE) such as: System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) SAIDI is the average duration of interruptions per consumers during the year. It is the ratio of the annual duration of interruptions (sustained) to the number of consumers. If duration is specified in minutes, SAIDI is given as consumer minutes. SAIDI = Total duration of sustained interruptions in a year / total number of consumers System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) SAIFI is the average number of sustained interruptions per consumer during the year. It is the ratio of the annual number of interruptions to the number of consumers. SAIFI = (Total number of sustained interruptions in a year) / (Total number of consumers)
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POWER QUALITY STANDARDS IN INDIA

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Consumer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) CAIDI is the average duration of an interruption, calculated based on the total number of sustained interruptions in a year. It is the ratio of the total duration of interruptions to the total number of interruptions during the year. CAIDI = Total duration of sustained interruptions in a year/total number of interruptions. It can also be seen that CAIDI = SAIDI/SAIFI Electricity Supply Monitoring Initiative (ESMI) executes basic monitoring of supply continuity and voltage levels at ordinary consumer locations, in order to get an idea of the actual situation in the field and to increase the accountability of electricity utilities. The first three ESMI data loggers were installed in Pune City.
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IEEE POWER QUALITY STANDARDS

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IEEE 644 : Standard Procedure for Measurement of Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields from AC Power Lines. IEEE 518 : Guide for the Installation of Electrical Equipment to Minimize Electrical Noise Inputs to Controllers from External Sources. IEEE 519 : Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems IEEE 1100 : Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Sensitive Electronic Equipment IEEE 1159 : Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality IEEE 141 : Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants And many more.
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UNBUNDLED POWER QUALITY SERVICES

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The unbundling of power quality services, defined as permitting several levels of power quality at a differentiated cost, is a business concept that achieves its potential in the presence of technologies that can provide specific customers with more than one level of power quality. The result of the process will lead to fully integrated and distributed power systemsFRIENDS.

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Features of friends
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Flexibility in power system Reliability of power supply Multimenu services to allow customers to select the type of power provided and other services offered by the electric utility Load leveling and energy conservation New automatic generation control methodologies Voltage regulation functions Fault current-limiting functions Prevention of sags, swells, and harmonics

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QUALITY CONTROL CENTERS

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One of the most important characteristics of FRIENDS is that QCC as a power quality control facility is installed very closely to customers in order to supply several qualities of power and enables customers to choose the quality of power. The QCCs play a vital role in the operation of FRIENDS, such as: Flexible change in system configuration Multiple menu services for customers (unbundled services) Information management (information processing and data exchange centers) Monitoring and controlling power flow by interchange of information between QCCs so that the system can operate in the most effective and economical way
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POWER QUALITY MONITORING

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Monitoring system provide information about the quality of the power and the causes of power system disturbances, but it can identify problem conditions throughout the system before they cause widespread customer complaints, equipment malfunctions, and even equipment failures. Database management PQ software, equipped with statistical analysis and plotting tools and wrapped in a user-friendly interface. It consists of two major components, the Power Quality Data Manager and the Power Quality Data Analyzer. Internet-based power quality monitoring system for remote power quality inspecting and analyzing.
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BENEFITS OF POWER QUALITY

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Economic impact Equipment reliability Environment

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Conclusion
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The concept of power quality is a qualitative one for which mathematical expressions are not absolutely necessary to develop a basic understanding of the issues.Thus the main objective of this study is to improve the quality and reliability of the electricity supply to industrial, commercial and domestic users.

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References
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A Technical note of Understanding on Power Quality by V.J.Gosbell, Technical Director, Integral Energy Power Quality Center.[1] Math H.J.Bollen "Understanding Power Quality Problems", IEEE K.Tsuji, K.Nara, J.Hasegawq and T.Oyama, "Flexible, Reliable and Intelligent Electric Energy Delivery System: Concepts and Perspective", Proceedings of the American Power Conference,Vol.1, pp.504-511, April 68, 1999, Chicago Illinois. Method of Measuring Power Quality and Development of Monitor Device by Shuying Yang, IEEE. Power quality monitoring by Erich Gunther (electrotek concepts)
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