Assessment Procedures: Observational Techniques, Peer Appraisal, and Self-Report Chapter 10 UNITAR International University

Anecdotal Records

Anecdotal Records: is the least structured observational technique. An anecdotal record is a factual descriptions of the meaningful incidents and events that the teacher has observed. A good anecdotal record keeps the objective description of an incident separate from any interpretation of the behaviors meaning. A teacher daily observations provides a wealth of information.

Uses of Anecdotal Records

Anecdotal records can be used for: obtaining data pertinent to a variety of learning outcomes and to many aspects of personal and social development. It is important that Anecdotal records be used in a natural setting.
The problem in using Anecdotal records: is not so much what can be assessed as what should be assessed with this method.

What Behaviors to Observe and Record

General Framework for Observations 1. Confining our observation to those areas of behaviors that cannot be assessed by other means. 2. Limiting our observation of all students at any given time to just a few types of behavior. 3. Restricting the use of extensive observation of behaviors to those few students who are most in need of special help.

Advantages and Limitations of Anecdotal Records

Advantages
1.They depict actual behavior in natural situation. 2. Facilitate gathering evidence on events.

Limitations
1. Amount of time required to maintain an adequate system of records. 2. The difficultly of being objective when observing and reporting student behavior.

Effective Use of Anecdotal Records

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Determine in advance what to observe, but be alert for unusual behavior. Analyze observational records for possible sources of bias. Observe and record enough of the situation to make the behavior meaningful Make a record of the incident as soon after the observation as possible. Limit each anecdote to a brief description of a single incident.

Effective Use of Anecdotal Records

6. Keep factual description of the incident and your interpretation of its separate. 7. Record both positive and negative behavioral incidents. 8. Collect a number of anecdotes on a student before drawing inferences concerning typical behavior. 9. Obtain practice in writing anecdotal records.

Peer Appraisal
Peer Appraisal: when students rate their peers, using the same criterion as the teacher. Two Techniques Used in Peer Appraisal 1. Guess-Who Technique: each student is presented with a series of brief behavior descriptions and asked to name those students who best fit each description. The description is limited to either positive or negative characteristic.

Peer Appraisal
2. Sociometric Technique: a method for assessing the social acceptance of individual students and the structure of a group. Guidelines for Sociometric Choosing: A. The choices should be real choices that are natural parts of classroom activities. B. The basis for choice and the restriction on the choosing should be made clear. C. All students should equally free to participate in the activity or situation.

Peer Appraisal
Guidelines for Sociometric Choosing: D. The choices each student makes should be kept confidential E. The choices should be actually used to organize or rearranges groups.
Sociogram: a way of organizing sociomertic data which can help the teacher organize a classroom group.

Self-Report Techniques
Methods of Self-Report The best method of self-report is the Personal Interview: face-to-face contract has several advantages as a self repot procedure. 1. Flexible, interviewers can clarify questions 2. Interviewers can observe interviewees 3. Interview makes possible not only collecting information from interviewees but also sharing information with them.

Self-Report Techniques

Personal Interview has two serious problems, First it is extremely time consuming. Second, the information gained is not a standard from for one person to another. Self-Report techniques can be useful in subject matter from English to Math.

Self-Report Techniques

Self-Report are most effective if the respondent out both willing and able to report accurately. Peer rating and self-report inventories can provide useful information for students performance through tests results, observational data, and other information concerning students.

Self-Report Techniques
Other Types of Self-Report Attitude Measurement: having the students measure how much they enjoy a variety of lessons the teacher teach. Interest Inventories: when the teacher list the lesson or topic the class will study. The students then rank what they our most interested in studying.

Self-Report Techniques
Other Types of Self-Report
Personality Inventories: when the teacher provides a list of questions to the student individually. This will help the teacher have an idea of the student behavior and their personality towards learning. Projective Techniques: psychiatric techniques perform by license doctors. Example Rorschach Test.