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Lecture-19 & 20
Torsion-2
Non circular torsion member (I-section, rectangular section)
Anil Mandariya
Lecture-19
Torsion-2
General approach for non circular torsion member
Anil Mandariya
Derivation: Consider a point P with coordinates (x, y, z) in the undeformed torsion member. Under deformation, P goes into P*. The point P, in general, is displaced by an amount w parallel to the z axis because of the warping of the cross section and by amounts u and v parallel to the x and y axes, respectively.
Anil Mandariya
The cross section in which P lies rotates through an angle with respect to the cross at the origin. This rotation is the principal cause of the (u, v) displacements of point P. These observations led Saint-Venant to assume that = z, where is the angle of twist per unit length and therefore that the displacement components take the form: where is the warping function.
The function (x, y) may be determined such that the equations of elasticity are satisfied.
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Since we have assumed continuous displacement components (u, v, w), the small-displacement compatibility conditions are automatically satisfied. 1.1 The state of strain at a point in the torsion member is given by:
Anil Mandariya
If the equation for zx is differentiated with respect to y, the equation for zy is differentiated with respect to x, and the second of these resulting equations is subtracted from the first, the warping function may be eliminated to give the relation
If the torsion problem is formulated in terms of (zx, zy), above equation is a geometrical condition (compatibility condition) to be satisfied for the torsion problem.
Anil Mandariya
zx = 2*G*xz = G* zy = 2*G*yz = G*
1.3 Equilibrium equations:
The stress components (zx, zy) are nonzero. If body forces and acceleration terms are neglected, equations of equilibrium for the torsion member are:
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2 2
2 2
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1.4 Boundary Conditions: Normal of the cross-sectional plane is n = ez. The traction on the plane can be calculated by Cauchys formula (tj = ij ni) as: tz = zz = 0 tx = xz = G* ty = yz = G* Let M = T*ex Moment of traction (M) = .
Anil Mandariya
(r x t) dA
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(r x t) dA
(xex + yey) x (txex + tyey) dA (-ytx + xty) ez dA (-y*G* G* - x* G* ) ez dA ) dA
(-y
-x
Where J = (-y -x
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) dA
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G*
G*
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Summary: The torsion of the non-circular prismatic bar reduces to solution of the following equations: Step-1: Find the warping function such that it satisfies the governing equation 2 = 0 In the domain of the cross-sectional plane subjected to the boundary condition
) dA
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Step-2: Given a torque, obtain the angle of twist per unit length from the equation T = G J
Remarks:
1. J is the property of the section. J is obtained by solving Lalace equations with free traction boundary condition. 2. The warping function can be obtained either analytically (not always possible), or numerically solving the above equation and hence J can be obtained.
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2. Force formulation:
2.1 Equilibrium equations:
From 1st two equations, we can conclude that zx and zy are functions of y and x only. We can choose a function called stress function (x, y) such that
so,
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2.2 Boundary conditions: The lateral surface of a torsion member is free of applied stress, the resultant shear stress in the cross section of the torsion member, on the surface S of the cross section, must be directed tangent to the surface The two shear stress components zx and zy that act on the cross-sectional element with sides dx, dy, and ds may be written in terms of :
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Since the stresses are given by partial derivatives of , it is permissible to take this constant to be zero; thus, we select
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At any point in the cross section, is directed tangent to the contour = constant through the point. The distributions of zx and zy on a given cross section must satisfy the following equations:
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In satisfying the second equilibrium equation, consider the strip across the cross section of thickness dy as indicated in Fig. Since the stress function does not vary in the y direction for this strip, the partial derivative can be replaced by the total derivative. For the strip:
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Summing for the other strips and repeating the process using strips of thickness dx for the other term in 3rd Eq., we obtain the relation:
The stress function can be considered to represent a surface over the cross section of the torsion member.
The torque is equal to twice the volume between the stress function and the plane of the cross section.
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Stress-strain relations for linear elastic behavior of an isotropic material are given by Hooke's law), we obtain
As compatibility equation is
So
2
= -2G
Poissons Equation
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Lecture-20
Torsion-2
Rectangular and I-section torsion member
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A 2a
B
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on the boundary.
On the boundary lines x = a or AB and CD, we have ex = cos() = 1 as = 0 and 180 ey = sin() = 0 as = 0 and 180 on the boundary lines y = b BC and AD we have ex = cos() = 0 as = 90 and 270 ey = sin() = 1 as = 90 and 270
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so,
and
on x = a
on y = b
These boundary conditions can be transformed into more convenient forms, such that = xy 1 In terms of 1 , the governing equation is
Anil Mandariya
2 1 2
2 1 2
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0 on x = a -2 on y = b
where Xn and Yn are respectively functions of x alone and y alone. Substitution into the Laplace equation for 1 yields two linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients.
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J Ka b
3
for various b/a ratios, the corresponding values of K are given in the following table:
b/a 1 1.2 K 2.25 2.656 K1 1.350 1.518 K2 0.600 0.571
1.5
2.0 2.5 3.0
3.136
3.664 3.984 4.208
1.696
1.860 1.936 1.970
0.541
0.508 0.484 0.468
4.0
5.0 10.0
4.496
4.656 4.992 5.328
1.994
1.998 2.000
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0.443
0.430 0.401 0.375
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2.00
Assuming b>a, The maximum shearing stress is at the mid-points of the long sides at distance from the centrex = a of the rectangle. on these sides K1 a zx = 0 and J
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m ax
K2
T G K1 Kba 3
ba2
KGba3
K1G
KGba3
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Displacement contour: solid lines correspond to positive displacements, while dotted lines indicate negative values. The square section case with a/b = 1 produces a displacement pattern with eight zones of symmetry.
As the aspect ratio a/b is reduced, four of the displacement patterns disappear and the resulting displacement contours for
a/b= 0.5
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As
Excepting at the ends AD and BC, the stress function is fairly uniform and is independent of x. Hence, we can take (x, y) = (y) So,
1 3 T bt G 3 1 and J bt 3 3
The results are:
T m ax G J t 2y
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Sources and Refrences 1) ADVANCED MECHANICS OF MATERIALS by ARTHUR P. BORESI et. Al. 2) Engineering Mechanics of solids by E.P. Popove 3) Mechanics of Material by James M. Gere 4) Vector Mechanics for Engineers by FerdiNand P. Beer 5) Moments and torque by Paul Mitiguy
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