INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA Aula 6- Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns.

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

In this class, you will be able to:

-Understand the relation between Genitive, Gerund and noun phrases.

- Distinguish Countable nouns from uncountable nouns.

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Introduction Words are classified according to the work they perform inside the structure of a sentence. Consequently, we can conclude that words that belong to the same word class play the same type of function. Each word plays a specific role in the sentence and their jobs are quite different from each other. The jobs done by verbs, for example are quite different from those done by prepositions.

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

See the example below:

Those three intelligent girls have already studied at Estcio.

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Nouns can be grouped into a small number of classes which differ in meaning and grammatical behavior. There is a first distinction between common and proper nouns. Common nouns can be either countable or uncountable.() (BIBER< CONRAD and LEECH, 2011, p. 58).

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Lets check the examples: The History teacher, Mister Herman Melville, read the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America. The document affirms autonomy to the country that fought for political respect.

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Proper nouns - name of a specific individual, place, or object, as for example England, Brazil, Oscar Wilde

Common nouns - a noun that refers to each member of a whole class sharing the features connoted by the noun, as for example orange, planet, car, man.

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

The common nouns can also be considered countable or uncountable. Lets go ahead?

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Countable nouns are people or things which we can count. Tey have both a singular and a plural form. Singular: train, city, problem. Plural: trains, cities, problems.

Countable nouns: car, problem, etc.

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

We can also use A or AN, THE or numbers with countable nouns: A car the car- the cars two cars A minute twenty minutes the minute you arrived

Countable nouns: car, problem, etc.

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Words and phrases like many, several, a few, a number of, both, a couple of can be used with countable nouns: Several accidents a number of people a few problems A couple of people both students

Countable nouns: car, problem, etc.

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Which are the eight countable nouns in this news report? Four cows escaped from the market at Winford this morning. It took three police officers and several farmers over an hour to catch them. Two old women were hurt when the cows ran down the main street.
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

The plural, im most cases, is formed by adding an s to the end of the word in the singular: Lamp lamps Student students State states

But, in English, there are other rules for the plural...

Ok, buthow is the plural in English? Is a single s enough?

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

1. Nouns ending in s, -z, -x, -sh, -ch, -o form the plural by adding -ES. Boss bosses Buzz buzzes Potato potatoes Box boxes Dish dishes Church - churches

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

2. Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by changing -y to -ies. City cities Lady ladies

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

3. Nouns ending in -y preceded by a vowel form their plurals by adding -s Boy boys Day - days

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

4. Some nouns ending in -f or -fe are made plural by changing -f or -fe to -ves. Wife wives

Knife knives
Leaf - leaves

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Uncountable nouns are things that we cant count. They have NO PLURAL FORMS. AIR, for example, is an uncountable noun. We cant say one air, two airs. Most uncountable nouns are:

materials or substances: air, water, smoke, etc. Feelings or qualities: courage, love, anger, etc. Abstract ideas: safety, justice, freedom, etc.

Uncountable nouns: air, courage, etc.

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

The genitive case is predominantly the form used to indicate possession. It is usually created by adding 's to the word or by preceding it with "of". See the examples: The boys pet. The pet of the boy.

Possession in English the genitive case (possessive case)

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Genitive case rules

We normally use -s for people, animals, or places: Lizs computer isnt working. - Those arent my sneakers. Theyre my sisters. - The dogs food bowl is empty. - New York Citys crime rate is at an all time low.
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

You can use -s with time expressions and periods of time: -Have you seen the headline on the front page of todays newspaper? - Santa Barbara is about an hours drive from Los Angeles. Remember that for plural nouns we use s + apostrophe, -s: - My brothers wives are very nice. (two or more brothers) - The cats toys are in the box. (two or more cats) - I have three months vacation.
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

For things, ideas etc., we normally use of:

- The price of a university education in The U.S. is extremely high. (NOT the university educations price) - The color of his shirt is the same as his shoes. (NOT the shirts color) - The source of her depression comes from a failing marriage. (NOT her depressions source)
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Gerund X Infinitive In order to start our discussion, lets think about some initial and instigating questions: Do you know what gerund is? Do you know what infinitive is? Take a look at the examples below: a. Gerald is sure about his love for Jenna. He wants to marry her. b. Silence! Gerald is proposing to Jenna!!
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

The form of the verb that ends in -ing is called a Gerund when used as a noun. Because their function is that of a noun, gerunds may be used as the subject of a sentence:
Running regularly will make you feel better. Studying requires most of my time during the day. The -ing form can also be called a present participle; however, the function is that of a verb when used in the present or past progressive: The teacher is speaking to her students.
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

There are some verbs that must be followed by a gerund. Example: I enjoy studying. Would you mind being quiet?
The following verbs MUST be followed by a gerund: Admit-discuss-finish-miss-quit-give up-postpone stop (=quit) avoid resist

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Verbs of Emotion:
Factual: Did you like dancing last night? Possible: Do you like to dance? Verbs of fulfillment/unfulfillment: Factual: I started doing my homework and question #1 is really hard. Possible: Did you start to do your homework?

A Gerund will follow a preposition:

Thank you for helping me.
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

However, if there is a second object complement, an infinitive is used. (*see another example)
-The doctor advised me to reduce my fat intake. -He urged me to give up fried food. -He encouraged me to steam and boil my food but forbade me to fry things in oil. -This has required me to change a lot of old habits.

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

These are some verbs that follow the preceding pattern: advise persuade urge encourage convince force allow tell require permit remind forbid invite warm command trust teach order cause hire

More examples: I trust my doctor to do the job right. They hired him to solve the problems here.
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

The following verbs may be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive:

attempt begin hate try continue intend dread like love start cannot stand plan prefer stop

The following verbs may be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive:

attempt begin hate try continue intend dread like love start cannot stand plan prefer stop

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns

INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Gerund or infinitive?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SK_ vaKuLwnw

Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns