Newtons Laws Of Motion

Objectives
By the end of this lesson you should
Be able to state, in words, Newtons three laws of motion Understand the difference between mass and weight Be able to define the term force Be able to state what is meant by the term free-body diagram (FBD). Be able to construct FBDs and use them to aid in solving problems Be able to apply Newtons Laws of Motion in a systematic way to solve problems. Be able to state what is meant by the term Normal Force, and incorporate this definition in solving problems.

A Shift In Focus
Up to this point in the term, we have analyzed motion (DESCRIBED) without worrying about what was causing the motion to occur. We said that such a study of motion was referred to as kinematics. We now concern ourselves with why the object is accelerating (or not). In other words, we look for the cause of the motion. This type of a study of motion where the cause of motion is considered is called dynamics.

Introduction
Central to this discussion are a set of laws called Newtons Laws of Motion. This set of laws is considered to be of fundamental importance to the study of classical mechanics. Once introduced, you should be able to state these laws and apply them correctly even if stirred from a deep, restful sleep at 2 oclock in the morning!

Introduction
In the slides that follow, there are words that are highlighted in the statements of Newtons 3 Laws of Motion. This highlighting is to indicate that these words are critical to the statement of the law, and you should keep them in mind when applying these laws so that difficulties can be avoided. We begin with Newtons first law of motion. THE LAW OF INERTIA

Newtons First Law Of Motion

An object in motion with a constant velocity will remain in motion with that constant velocity until the object is acted upon by a net, external force. This law is also called the Law of Inertia. Inertia: The property of an object to resist a change in velocity. Mass is a quantification of the inertia of a body.

Inertia: Newtons First Law

By the end of this section you will understand the following statement and its implications in physics: An object in motion with constant velocity will continue with the same constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced outside force; and, An object at rest will continue at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced outside force. http://www.dynamicscience.com.au /tester/solutions/flight/winterolymp ics/curln.html

Balanced Forces cause what?

The statement of this law raises a question: What do you think will happen to the motion of the object if there is an unbalanced outside force?

Balanced Forces Cause What?

Balanced forces cause an inertial state of motion called CONSTANT VELOCITY

UNBALANCED FORCES CAUSE WHAT? AN ACCELERATION!

FBD.Free Body Diagrams

The forces acting on the object of interest must be identified. Then a special diagram called a free body diagram can be constructed. All static and dynamics problems begin in this fashion.

Our Problem Solving Model

The first three steps in constructing a model are: 1. Identify the object or system. 2. Identify the forces acting on the object or system. 3. Draw a force (or free-body) diagram assuming the object or system as a point particle.

Approaching FBDs
One cardinal rule is that once you identify the object, it cannot be changed unless you start all over with step one again and go through all of the steps with the new object.

On the sketch, circle the object or system with a dotted line.

In order to make a conscious decision to choose the object or system, and to avoid changing it midway through the activity, you will need to draw a rough sketch of the important parts in the situation being investigated. This is the real- world representation. (At first, the sketch will be provided for you, but later in the laboratory and in word problems you will need to complete the sketches on your own.)

Draw all of the forces on the tree in picture below. Use an arrow () to represent each force and to indicate the direction of each force. Identify each force by what is causing it. Write the statement, force caused by _frictional force, etc________, next to each arrow. Put the tail of the arrow at the place on the object where the force is being applied.

Identifying the Forces Acting on the Object

The basic definition of a force is a push or a pull. While this definition is correct, it does little in helping to identify the necessary forces.

What are the forces?

The forces that need to be identified are those forces acting on the object or system. Each of these forces has to be caused by an object outside of the dotted line circle. It is important to identify the agents outside the object or system that are exerting forces on the system.

Remember your units!

The metric unit for force is the Newton (N). The English unit is the pound (lb). Since the world is converting to metrics at a slow but sure rate, we will only deal with Newtons. This is part of the Standard International System of Units. (SI)

Weight and Mass are not the same!!!

Mass is an inherent quantity that all objects have. It is measured in kilograms (kg). In this lecture we only need to deal with the weight vector. Weight (W) in N = mg = 9.8 m Units m/s2 (kg) = N The direction of the gravitational force is always toward the center of the Earth.

Forces on the object caused by something outside the object are the only forces that are used.
Forces at a distance vs. Forces from contact Weight --- DISTANCE Normal--- CONTACT Friction--- CONTACT Tension--- CONTACT Thrust --- CONTACT Drag --CONTACT

Types of Forces
There are two categories of forces to consider: contact forces forces at a distance.

Forces at a Distance
They arise when the object is in the field caused by another object, but not in contact with the object. Examples of fields are electrical, magnetic, and gravitational fields. Since we are only dealing with mechanics in this module, the only force at a distance we will deal with is the gravitational force. Gravitational force is often called weight.

Put the tail of the arrow at the center of the object. Label this force with the symbol W and the statement "force caused by Earth."

FBD Representations
On the sketch, represent the force by an arrow. The tail of the arrow will be at the place of contact and the tip will point in the direction of the force. Label each force with an appropriate symbol and force caused by ________.

Contact Forces
The contact forces acting on the system of interest are identified by going around the dotted circle that defines that object or system. There is the likelihood of a force at any point where something outside the dotted circle is touching something inside the circle.

Contact Forces
There are three contact forces that deserve special attention. These contact forces are tension, normal force, and friction.

Tension
Tension forces are caused by ropes or cables. Tension can only be a pull. Therefore, the direction is always known. Tension is given the symbol T.

Normal Force Any time an object exerts a force on a surface, the surface also exerts a force on the object. One common example is when the object rests on something that supports or helps to support the object. This supporting force is called the normal force. The direction of the normal force is always perpendicular to the surface that is causing the force. Normal force is given the symbol N.

The last special contact force to be discussed is surface friction. Friction is designated by the lower case letter f. Surface friction occurs whenever two surfaces rub together. It also can occur when two surfaces are touching but not moving with respect to each other.

This relationship between magnitude and the direction of the force is true for any two surfaces of the same material when rubbed together.

Types of Friction
There are two types of friction. When one surface slides on a second surface, it is called kinetic friction. When one surface tries to slide on a second surface but does not move, it is called static friction.

Static Friction
When an object is at rest with respect to a surface, the frictional force can be greater than when the objects move across each other. In our model, imagine that the bumps (or grooves) are deeply interlaced. If a small force is applied to the object, the static friction fs will equal the applied force and cause the object to remain in equilibrium (a = 0).

Kinetic Friction
In our model, when the object moves, the grooves of the object bounce along the grooves of the surface, and never go as deep as they do in the static case. Thus, the kinetic friction force fk has a smaller magnitude than the static friction force.

Graph of Frictional Force vs. Applied Force

General Rules of Friction in the Model

1. The frictional force has a direction opposite to the force that is causing, or trying to cause, the object to slide. Friction is parallel to the surface; therefore, it opposes the sliding motion. 2. The force trying to cause the object to slide (F) must be greater than fsmax for sliding to occur. When F is smaller than fsmax, the object will not slide. 3. Once the object starts to slide, the static friction (fs) becomes kinetic friction (fk). Kinetic friction is always smaller than maximum static friction. 4. Both static friction (fs) and kinetic friction (fk) are proportional to the normal force. 5. The area of contact between the surfaces does not influence the magnitude of the frictional force. The speed of the object (assuming a low speed) does not influence the magnitude of the kinetic friction.

This is the big idea

Isolate the system Figure out the forces Label each force Ask yourself this question Are the forces balanced?

A soccer player starts running to the right. On the sketch of the player, show the point of application and direction of the forces (W, N, fs) on the player.

 A car is at rest on a horizontal road. What is the value of the frictional force? Explain your answer. For the car in question, show the forces on the car and the points of application.

 A woman pushes a book (the object) across a table to the left. On the sketch below, show the point of application and the direction of the four forces (W, N, fk, F). (F is the force of the woman on the book.)

Make a real world to FBD representation

Recall we are modeling the forces on an object. We need to examine if the forces are balanced or if there is a net force to determine the type of motion present.

Section Summary
What is inertia? What is a net force? What is equilibrium? What is moving equilibrium?

Newtons Second Law Of Motion

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the unbalanced, external force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. The acceleration of the object is in the same direction as the unbalanced, external force. Forces produce accelerations; accelerations do not produce forces!

FNET, EXT a= m

Newtons Second Law Of Motion

In the expression on the previous slide, m represents the mass of the object experiencing the acceleration and F represents force. Force: A push or a pull; any influence that causes an object to change its velocity. The unit of force is the unit of mass times the unit of acceleration and is measured in Newtons. 1 Newton is the force required to give a 1.0 kg object an acceleration of 1.0 m/s2. Newtons Second Law is also referred to as the Law of Acceleration.

Newtons Third Law Of Motion

If an object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts a force on A which is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. It is important to remember that the forces in the action-reaction pair mentioned act on different objects. Newtons Third Law is also called the Law of Interaction.

FAB FBA

Newtons Third Law Of Motion

Newtons third law tells us that forces always come in pairs and that the forces in each pair are of equal magnitude, are opposite in direction, and act on different objects. You can never have a single force without a counterpart somewhere in the universe.

Forces come in two types.

Contact forces Field forces How about forces in Pairs!

Newtons Third Law

There is one more important piece to the dynamic and static model. It is called Newtons Third Law. Forces come in pairs. Understand Newtons Third law, we can ignore internal forces, and then only search for external forces acting on the object.

Push Me and I Push Back!!!

Push me and I push back!

For example, with the palm of your hand, push on a book, desk or table. You are exerting a force on the object you are pushing. At the same time, you can feel a force on your hand. There seems to be two forces: the one your hand exerted on the object, and another force on your hand. What is the relationship between these forces?

The man weighs 700 N. The force exerted by the table on the man is:
a) b) c) d) Larger than 700 N Equal to 700 N Smaller than 700 N There is no force.

A hand pushes on a balloon against a wall with a force of 10 N. The force exerted by the balloon on the hand is:

a) b) c) d)

Larger than 10 N Equal to 10 N Smaller than 10 N There is no force.

A building is being torn down. The wrecking ball smashes through a wall. Does the ball put a larger force on the wall than the wall puts on the wrecking ball?
Explain your answer.

Imagine that you hold the two force probes, one probe in each hand. You will notice that each force probe has a hook on it. Connect the two force probes together and pull as seen in the
following figure.

Newton's Third Law

Why does it seem that a bug hits a windshield with more force than the windshield hits the bug? The effect on the bug is worse than the effect on the windshield but the force is still the same!

Forces come in pairs. But which pair? Forces come in pairs

An example would be the weight and normal force pairs in the left figure. Fg vs. Fg and Fn vs. Fn The Weight of an object and Normal Force are sometimes equal but they are not Force Pairs!!!

Mass and Weight

For good reason, many people think of mass and weight as the same thing. It is difficult to distinguish between the two if your experience is restricted to on location on the earth. Mass and weight, however, are not the same. Mass is the quantification of an object inertia. That is, mass is a measure of an objects resistance to change in state of motion. Weight is a force. Weight is the force of attraction toward the earth. Mass is a scalar; Weight (Force) is a vector.

Virtual Field Trip!

Suppose we hopped a shuttle and went to a remote area in space where there was nothing around. Since we are in empty space, we would all be weightless. Even the 50 lb (weight on earth) cannon ball I brought with us would be weightless.

Virtual Field Trip

Now, I am going to put the cannon ball into a cannon and fire it at 100 mph. I would like a volunteer from the class to stand directly in front of the cannon and catch the (weightless) cannon ball for me. What? No takers? And you are wise not to stand in front of the cannon. The cannon ball is still going to resist a change in state of velocity just the same as if it were on the earth. The cannon ball still has inertia, or mass, even though it has no weight!

Virtual Field Trip

I hope this example helps you to start to see that there is a difference between mass and weight. We will explore mass and weight in more detail as we go through this and the next chapter.

 We move from a virtual field trip to a thought experiment in the next slide. I ask you to take some time and think about the question posed as it is quite complex. A class of 50 students will generally spend between 5-10 minutes stating wrong answers to the question before someone stumbles upon the correct answer. It is important for you to go through the same thinking process.

Foreshadowing

Try It On Your Own

A person stands on a skateboard and pushes against the wall. The wall pushes back on the person and the skateboard moves (accelerates). According to Newtons 3rd law, the force exerted by the person on the wall and the force exerted by the wall on the person add to zero. If these two forces add to zero, why is it that the skateboard accelerates? (The correct answer does not involve the mass of the earth nor frictional forces.)

Free Body Diagrams

A free body diagram (FBD) differs from your picture of the problem. In a FBD, you isolate the object that you are interested in by drawing it as a single point. Then, draw on this isolated object only those forces that act directly on the object. Do not include forces that the isolated object exerts. Also, include your sign convention in the FBD.

A well drawn FBD is crucial to the successful solution of a problem involving Newtons Laws of Motion.

Free Body Diagrams

The reason that I had you go through the skateboard problem was to illustrate the importance of the FBD. When you consider only the forces acting directly on the skateboarder, the force provided by the wall is the only external force acting on the skateboarder. Since there is an unbalanced, external force acting on the skateboarder, the skateboarder will accelerate according to Newtons second law of motion.

Example
A car is traveling at a constant velocity straight ahead on a flat,frictionless road. Draw a free-body diagram for the car.

Try It On Your Own

The driver in the car fires retro rockets so that the car is decelerating while traveling on a straight, flat, and frictionless road. Describe the free body diagram of the car.

Normal Force
The last two situations had a force exerted by a surface on an object. A surface will always push on an object in a direction that is perpendicular, or normal, to the surface. Such a force exerted by a surface is called a normal force.

Example
A 4.0 kg object is pulled along a frictionless surface to the right by a 6.0 N force. How long does it take the object to travel a distance of 25.0 m assuming the object starts at rest?

Solution To Example
Use F=ma to find acceleration. 6 Newtons = a*4kg or 1.5 m/s2 then use the acceleration in the equation x=1/2*a8 t^2 and solve for time. 25 = .5*1.5*t^2.

Try It On Your Own

A 4.0 kg object is pulled along a frictionless surface to the right by a 6.0 N force, directed 30 above the horizontal. How long does it take the object to travel a distance of 25.0 m assuming the object starts at rest?

Example
An 85.0 kg person stands on a scale that reads weight in Newtons while standing in an elevator. What is the reading on the scale when (a) The elevator is stopped? (b) The elevator is accelerating upward at 3.5 m/s2?

Solution
Normal Up is larger than the weight down. Hence the scale reading would be Greater than if it was not accelerating at all. Answer for part b is 1130.5 newton's

Try It On Your Own

An 85.0 kg person stands on a scale that reads weight in Newtons while standing in an elevator. What is the reading on the scale when the elevator is moving upward at a constant speed of 5.0 m/s?

Summary
A correctly drawn free body diagram is essential to solve problems involving Newtons Laws of Motion. Newtons Laws of Motion are useful in a wide variety of situations ranging from the motion of a baseball when struck by a bat to the motion of the planets in the solar system. This wide range of applicability is why Newtons Laws are so highly regarded.