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DVB-RCS
Digital Video Broadcasting Return Channel via Satellite
millisecond [ 0.6 second ] DOUBLE HOPE TIME = 1200 millisecond [ 1.2 second ]
Star Network
Star network consists of one central switch, hub or computer which acts as a router to transmit messages. Reduces chance of network failure by connecting all of the systems to a central node. This central hub rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node. All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only. [ Classroom Bhubaneswar ]
[ Ahmedabad ]
CLARKE ORBIT
Arthur C Clarke
1945
36,000 km
Non-Interactive transmissions, e.g. TV telecast
The "magic" altitude of 35,786 km at which a satellite's orbital period matches, or is an integral part of, the period at which the Earth rotates: once every sidereal day (23 hours 56 minutes). In that case, the satellite is said to be geosynchronous.
Longitude 74.1439 degrees East Latitude 0.0758 degrees South Altitude 35,785.530 km Azimuth 186.5 degrees Elevation 56.4 degrees
Radio Frequencies
Above 30 MHz
Edusat frequencies are in the Microwave Range: 11 GHz [ 11,000 MHz ] 14 GHz [ 11,000 MHz ]
Azimuth refers to the rotation of the whole antenna around a vertical axis. By definition North is 0 deg, East is 90 deg, South is 180 deg and west is 270 deg. North can also be called 360 deg. An approximate azimuth angle is normally sufficient.
Elevation refers to the angle between the dish pointing direction, directly towards the satellite, and the local horizontal plane. It is the up-down angle.
Though Geostationary Satellite covers a large area, it has a problem called Time Lag [ delayed reception of signal ]
A theoretical alternative to satellites that is being explored is the use of ultra-light solar powered airplane or an airship [ Stratellite ] that could fly in a continuous a circling path perhaps 70,000 feet [ 20 km ] high. These would act as flying satellites, providing high-speed service to customers below the aircraft. Since the roundtrip signal distance would only be 30 miles, the latency caused by the radio wave is an almost insignificant 0.1 ms under the craft, and 2 ms at the edge of the covered area, at a 300 km (200 miles) distance.
30,00000 km
Suppose the radio signal has to travel a distance of 30,00000 km; it would take 10 seconds for its one way journey. To receive a reply back from the target It would take another 10 seconds. Total 20 seconds!
1 sec [ or in 1000 millisecond ]: 300000 km 1 ms [ 0.001 sec ] : 300 km To travel 36,000: 36,000
300 km
120 ms 120 ms 120 ms 120 ms
= 120 ms
Radio frequencies
HF 3-30 MHz
Wavelengths approximately:
High bandwidth
satellite can deliver throughput at gigabits per second rates.
Inexpensive
A satellite communications system is relatively inexpensive because there are no cable-laying costs, and one satellite covers a very large area.
Untethered communication
Users can enjoy untethered communication anywhere within the footprints of the satellite.
Bandwidth
30.75 31.50 MHz We get bandwidth of 750 kHz only [ 0.75 MHz ]
lower frequency bands are virtually immune to radio attenuation, but are crowded, expensive and require larger antennas.
It makes sense then to explore the possibility of reliable all-weather communication using higher bands (namely Ku and Ka), which are more sensitive to attenuation but less expensive.
Limitations
Ku band signals can be affected by rain attenuation. In case of TV reception, only heavy rainfalls (>100 mm/hr) will have noticeable effect for the user.
Due to Latency, possibility of Link Failure.
TWO-WAY SIT
RADIO TV
The link from Hub to SIT is called Forward Link (FL) The Hub is primarily responsible for carrying Internet Protocol (IP) traffic between Satellite Interactive Terminals (SITs) & other external networks. It is also responsible for overall network management & SITs management. The IP traffic at Hub is encapsulated in to MPEG-TS in DVB format. After necessary stages for modulation, frequency conversion, amplification etc., the same traffic is uplinked for SITs.
Moving Picture Experts Group or MPEG is a working group of ISO/IEC charged with the development of video and audio encoding standards
The link from Hub to SIT is called Forward Link (FL) and it uses a standard Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) format. It allows data rate up to 45 MSPS. Presently FL is configured for 10 MSPS considering satellite resources available & total traffic expected among all the SITs. The FL is like big pipe & carries the combined traffic for all SITs. MSPS Mega Samples Per Second.
The IP traffic at SIT is encapsulated in to either MPEG or ATM cell. After necessary stages for modulation, frequency conversion, amplification etc., the same traffic is uplinked for Hub. The link from SIT to Hub is called Return Link (RL) and it is responsible to carry the return link traffic using Multi-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access (MF-TDMA) based on ATM or MPEG standard. Single SIT allows data rate up to 2 Mbps. Presently each SIT is configured in Hub for Maximum 624 / 512 Kbps data. The RL BW for SIT is controlled by controlling nos. of time slots. In MF-TDMA, each carrier is divided in nos. of logical time slots. The Hub assigns un-assigned time slots to particular SIT. The SIT sends the traffic (either ATM/ MPEG cell) to hub using these time slots.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell relay, Circuit switching network and data link layer protocol which encodes data traffic into small (53 bytes; 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header information) fixed-sized cells. This differs from other technologies based on packet-switched networks (such as the Internet Protocol or Ethernet), in which variable sized packets (sometimes known as frames) are used. ATM is a connection-oriented technology, in which a logical connection is established between the two endpoints before the actual data exchange begins.
MPEG
Moving Picture Experts Group or MPEG is a working group of ISO/IEC charged with the development of video and audio encoding standards Data Rate up to 45 MSPS [MSPS Mega Samples Per Second. Sampling rate for analog to digital converters. ] Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell relay, Circuit switching network and data link layer protocol which encodes data traffic into small (53 bytes; 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header information) fixed-sized cells. This differs from other technologies based on packet-switched networks (such as the Internet Protocol or Ethernet), in which variable sized packets (sometimes known as frames) are used. ATM is a connection-oriented technology, in which a logical connection is established between the two endpoints before the actual data exchange begins. Hub FL [ Forward Link ] Class Room RL [ Return Link ] : Link from SIT to Hub 624 KBPS
192 kbit/s Nearly CD quality for a file compressed in the MP3 format
1,411 kbit/s CD audio (at 16-bits for each channel and 44.1 kHz)
Time slots used by particular SIT in MPEG Frame At present carrier carrying the MPEG cells is divided in 11 nos. of traffic time slots. Single time slot supports 56.75 kbps data rate. Each Teaching End (TE) is configured permanently (CRA) in Hub with such 11 time slots which will support up to 624 (56.75*11) Kbps RL traffic.
Time slots used by particular SIT in ATM Frame At present carrier carrying the ATM cells is divided in 32 nos. of traffic time slots & single time slot supports 16 kbps data rate. Each Class Room (CR) is configured in Hub with request based 24 time slots. I.e. 4 RBDC & 20 VBDC. This will supports up to 384 (16*24) kbps RL traffic.
Return Link [ RL ] traffic is brought to Hub with use of 4 types of time slots. The SIT can be configured with one or more types of time slots. [1] Constant Rate Assignment [ CRA ] This type of time slots is assigned by Hub when particular SIT logs ON (Switch ON). CRA provides guaranteed RL bandwidth. It is most suitable for real time traffic like Video & Voice Conferencing & other non-real time applications. Each TE is configured with this type of time slots.
Hub Overview
The system can be divided into two segments: SIT and Hub. The SIT segment represents what is installed on the customers site. The Hub segment represents the equipment used by the service provider.
Satellite
ODU
IDU
Router Router
End User
End User
SNMP Manager
To Internet
End User
End User
End User
Hub-Sub systems
The communication between SITs is always through Hub. The data transmitted from one SIT is first received by Return Link Sub system (RLSS) of Hub. The data received by RLSS is routed to Forward Link Sub System (FLSS) for re-transmission. The retransmitted data is received by another SIT.
Hub-Sub systems
The RLSS consists of Antenna & LNBC Multi Carrier Demodulator (MCD) Board Signaling (SIG) Board Traffic (TRF) Board Operation, Administration and Management (OAM) plus PCR Monitor Board DVB Demodulator (For RCR Monitoring function) IP Router The OAM stores the database of all-valid SITs like MAC address, IP address, configuration files including permissible Max. bandwidth, type of access etc.
SIT Overview
The satellite interactive terminal (SIT) is composed of the outdoor unit (ODU), which includes the antenna and RF transceiver, and the indoor unit (IDU).
Ku - RL Ku - FL
InterFacility Link
IDU
Ethernet Interface
ODU
SIT ODU
General Safety
Danger area near Antenna
SIT Grounding
Grounding
The ODU must be grounded in strict accordance with National and Local electrical codes. ODU copper ground wire should be connected to the local Lightning Protection System (LPS) Where the LPS is not available proper grounding requires installation of a ground rod(s). The copper ground wire(s) from the ODU would connect to this ground system.
Interface
IDU supplies to SSPB (Tx) 24V DC Transmit signal 950-1450MHz 10 MHz reference IDU receives 950-2150 MHz Rx signal from LNBC (Rx) & supplies 18 VDC to LNBC (Rx)
One or more Ethernet IP address based devices (called hosts) all to gather make one LAN at customers site. The one LAN may have many devices like PC, Server, VOIP, IP address based camera etc. When each LAN, located at geographically different site is connected all together through SIT, make one WAN. The SIT is the part of local LAN & functions to provide connectivity of Local LAN with WAN. The IDU acts as a Gateway when traffic is towards WAN. The current IP plan for SIT is as bellow. For IDU:
172.21.X.1 255.255.255.0
"Packet INternet Grouper (Groper)", also by other people "Packed INternet Gopher", after the small rodents. Michael John Muuss ( October 16 , 1958 - November
Later David L. Mills provided a backronym, 20, 2000) wrote the freeware network tool Ping. A graduate of Johns Hopkins University, he was a senior scientist at the U.S. Army Research Lab in Maryland
RUN
1.
SELF-TEST
(6) Ping the IP address of VP IDU (ping 172.21.1.1 t w 2000). The reply is expected within 1200 ms (double hope satellite delay).
(7) If the reply from remote SIT is within 1200 ms & without any packet loss, the connectivity of local SIT with VP IDU can be considered perfectly OK.
Important Instructions
Do It is recommended that each site must have one low cost
Prolonged time.
Always maintain the effectiveness of Earth pit by pouring it with water at regular interval.
Important Instructions
Always assure that the equipments to be interfaced with IDU are properly grounded. While demonstrating the ODU to visitor, students, always stand in the back side of antenna. Always go through steps shown in chapter SIT Routine
Important Instructions
Always confirm SIT functionality with use of standalone PC & small cable whenever SIT functionality is doubtful. Always prefer regulated supply & air-conditioned
Important Instructions
Dont Dont stand in front of antenna when IDU is in powered condition. Dont disturb the cement blocks kept on antenna base frame. If disturbed Antenna may loose its original pointing. Dont try to shift antenna. If disturbed from original position, antenna may loose LOS. Dont connect & disconnect IFL cables when IDU is in powered condition. The IFL carries the DC voltage. Dont connect other equipment with dedicated Earth pit provided for SIT. Dont put any thing on IDU.
Important Instructions
Dont try to extend cable by connecting other type of cable. The IDU meets the specifications only with supplied cable. Dont operate SIT with unreliable power source like Genset, Locally made Inverter etc. Dont try to troubleshoot SIT by your own. Dont change SM of PC other than 255.255.255.0 Dont use any proxy between PC & IDU. The IDU doesnt function with any proxy. Dont use Ethernet cable more than 100 Mtr. The exact length depends on quality of Ethernet cable.
Hands-on training on
Assigning IP address to PC
Accessing IDU SIT Fault Diagnosis Running of Applications with SIT