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Jet Fuel Testing Whats the significance?

Laurence Hayden North East Regional Manager

THOUGHTS ON JET FUEL SAFETY


In terms of true safety risk, jet fuel quality testing is perhaps the most

critical of any testing done in an inspection laboratory


Every responsible party in the chain of jet fuel manufacturing, sampling

and testing should ask the following question:

What if I am boarding the very plane utilizing this fuel?

JET FUEL PRODUCTION

Paraffinic Naphtha Aromatic / Naphthenic Kerosene

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION


Predominant Components

Straight-run kerosene Traditionally raw or cracked components create out of specification fuel Hydro-cracking processing in recent years introducing higher quality fuels

Straight run kerosene/naphtha blends Often kerosene from refinery process requires further treatment Aromatics Limited Aromatics do not burn as clean as other hydrocarbons and can cause smoke and carbon deposits, as well as increase the luminosity of the combustion flame ASTM D1319 Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption

SPECIFICATIONS
ASTM D1655 Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels MIL-DTL-83133F Detail Specification: Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Kerosene

Type, JP-8, NATO F-35, and JP-8+100 Kerosene Type, Jet A-1

Ministry of Defense Standard 91-91 (DEF STAN): Turbine Fuel, Aviation

SPECIFICATIONS
ASTM D1655 Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels MIL-DTL-83133H Detail Specification: Turbine Fuel, Aviation,

Kerosene Type, JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100 Kerosene Type, Jet A-1

Ministry of Defense Standard 91-91 (DEF STAN): Turbine Fuel, Aviation

Appearance Composition Volatility Fluidity Combustion Corrosion Thermal Stability Contaminants Water Separation Conductivity & Lubricity

SAMPLING
Sampling procedures are followed as per API Chapter 8

ASTM D4306-07 Standard Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination

ASTM Practice D4057 addresses general sampling of petroleum products


Testing affected by polar or other compounds Properties of concern include water separation, copper corrosion, conductivity, thermal stability, lubricity and trace metals Particulate contamination and free water content likely affected by any sampling container Table 1 provides a summary of container recommendations Section 6 provides approval for containers Clean and/or dedicated sampling equipment is critical
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ASTM D4306-12 SAMPLE CONTAINER RECOMMENDATIONS

Appearance
Visual Appearance Color Saybolt Color ASTM D156 Particulate Contamination - ASTM D5452

Filter membrane delta weight Referee method by MIL-DTL-83133 and method specified by DEF STAN 91-91
Particle Count IP 564 / IP 565 / IP 577

Works by laser obscuration to detect particulate down to 4 microns


Field units now being introduced

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COMPOSITION
Total Acidity

ASTM D3242 Standard Test for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel Acidity can effect water separation ability of fuel Acidity can cause corrosion

Sulfur

May adversely effect carbon-forming tendency in combustion chamber Sulfur oxides may cause corrosion Corrosion tests to be discussed later Several possible methods are specified

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION, continued


Sulfur Mercaptan

Causes odor issues Adverse effect on some elastomers causing leaks May cause issues with corrosion

ASTM D3227 Standard Test method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gasoline, Kerosene, Aviation Turbine and Distillate Fuels

Doctor Test- ASTM D4952 or IP30

Alternative method per MIL-DTL-83133H and DEF STAN 91-91

Sample is shaken with sodium plumbite solution, a small quantity of powdered sulfur added, and the mixture shaken again. The presence of mercaptans or hydrogen sulfide or both is indicated by discoloration of the sulfur floating at the oil-water interface or by discoloration of either of the phases.

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VOLATILITY
Overall seek to balance efficiency of combustion, safety and availability ASTM D86 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products

at Atmospheric Pressure

Specifications for 10%, 50%, 90% to ensure spread of distillation ranges as opposed to only light and heavy components
Final boiling point specification to ensure absence of heavy materials with poor combustion Distillation residue specification to ensure fuel is consumed without excessive residue

ASTM D2887 Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of

Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

Alternate distillation method for ASTM D1655 and Mil spec: ASTM D86 is referee

May be used per DEF STAN 91-91 for Cetane Index Calculation
Decreases analysis time Values differ from D-86 but differences are quantified

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VOLATILITY, continued
Flash Point

Results determine flammability of the product ASTM D1655 specifies ASTM D56 Standard Test Method for Flash by Closed Cup Tester (Tag) ASTM D3828 Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Closed Cup Tester is specified as the alternate method Decreases sample size Lower cost Results generally up to 2C lower than ASTM D56, and in the case of dispute, D56 is the preferred method

DEF STAN 91-91 specifies IP170 Determination of Flash Point- Abel Closed Cup Method

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LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES


Must ensure that fuel is delivered to the combustion chamber, including

long flights at high altitude


Freeze Point- solids formation

ASTM D2386 Standard Method for Freeze Point of Aviation Fuels most accepted method Other alternative methods in specifications

Viscosity, -20C- pumpability

ASTM D445/ IP470 Standard Method for Kinematic Viscosity

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COMBUSTION QUALITY
Critical for fuel to have good combustion characteristics- burn efficiently Net Heat of Combustion: quantity of heat liberated by the combustion of

a quantity of fuel with oxygen

Energy produced per unit weight used in flight design Energy used per unit volume used in capacity versus refuel needs ASTM D4809 Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels By Bomb Calorimeter ASTM D3338 Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels)

Other available methods as well

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COMBUSTION QUALITY, continued


Testing values must meet specification for Smoke Point or Smoke Point and

Naphthalenes
ASTM D1322 Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation

Turbine Fuel

Provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosenes and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency. The smoke point (and Luminometer number with which it can be correlated) is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components

ASTM D1840 Standard Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation

Turbine Fuel by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry

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THERMAL STABILITY
It is critical to maintain high performance of fuel at conditions of

operation
ASTM D3241 Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of

Aviation Fuels (JFTOT Procedure

Measures level of deposits with heated surface Utilizes both pressure change and visual inspection

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CORROSION
Corrosion of engine and related equipment poses a safety hazard as

well as large expense

ASTM D130 Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Test Strip
Assesses relative degree of corrosivity of a petroleum product

Corrosive properties often due to sulfur but not directly related to sulfur content
Test emulates high temperature and pressure conditions and provides a standard for visual comparison

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CONTAMINANTS AND OTHER IMPURITIES


Water and Water Separation

Small traces of free water can adversely affect jet engine operation via ice formation or other inefficiency Presence of surfactants or certain compounds in the crude can adversely affect water separation

ASTM D3948 Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer the specified method per ASTM D1655 and DEFSTAN 91-91
Water-fuel sample emulsion created using a high speed mixer

Expelled through filter


Measured on transmittance scale 50-100

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CONTAMINANTS AND OTHER IMPURITIES, continued


Water and Water Separation, continued

ASTM D7224Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Kerosene-Type Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Additives by Portable Separometer specified by MIL-DTL-83133H Published in July 2007 by ASTM to address ASTM D3948 Limitations

Provides results similar to ASTM D3948 when strong surfactants are present, and ensure erroneously low results are not reported in the presence of weak surfactants that do not affect current commercial filter separator elements
Filter media in coalescer test developed to perform similar to current commercial filter separator elements Better method precision

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CONTAMINANTS AND OTHER IMPURITIES, continued


Existent Gum

Large quantities of gum are indicative of contamination of fuel by higher boiling oils or particulate matter and generally reflect poor handling practices in distribution downstream of the refinery ASTM D381 Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation Uses steam for evaporation during analysis Referee method per ASTM D1655

IP 540 Determination of the Existent Gum Content of Aviation Turbine Fuel Jet Evaporation Method Uses steam or air for evaporation during analysis

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CONTAMINANTS AND OTHER IMPURITIES, continued


Biodiesel has become a major concern due to high quantity of

usage in the diesel supply chain

Concerns due to biodiesel performance issues and the behavior of biodiesel at very low temperatures IP 585 established to determine FAME in aviation turbine fuel- utilizes GC-MS with selective ion monitoring with a range of 0.5 to 50 parts per million It is possible the test method is not capable of detecting all biodiesel contamination in jet fuel because the biodiesel pool can contain other components that were not included in the development of this test. Known interference in presence of high concentrations of petroleum diesel. If fuel is contaminated with petroleum diesel at approximately 1.0 mass% or greater, then the test may report a false positive for FAME due to interferences.

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BIODIESEL SURFACE ADHERENCE


FAME is a surface-active material.

Can adhere to pipe and tank walls as the biodiesel passes through, and then release from the walls into the following product, which may be jet fuel. Small amounts of diesel containing FAME remaining within distribution manifolds, tanks, vehicles, and pipes can result in traces of FAME getting into jet fuel transported through the same components. FAME contamination can impact the freezing point of jet fuel resulting in gelling of the fuel. These conditions can result in engine operability problems, and possible engine flameout

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BIODIESEL OXIDATION
Biodiesel blends are subject to oxidation
Oxygen will break these chains into shorter chain aldehydes and fatty acids, giving the fuel a rancid odor and increasing acidic properties. Oxidation of oils and fats by atmospheric oxygen is known as rancidity. Heat, light, presence of some metals, and pressure facilitate this process Oil becomes rancid within a short period of time

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BIODIESEL OXIDATION, continued


Consequences of oxidation-increased acidity
Acidity can effect water separation ability of fuel and corrosion Test emulates high temperature and pressure conditions and provides a standard for visual comparison Small traces of free water can adversely affect jet engine operation via ice formation or other inefficiency Presence of surfactants or certain compounds in the crude can adversely affect water separation

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BIODIESEL OXIDATION, continued


Increased acidity, continued
Insoluble polymers (gums) are formed Large quantities of gum are indicative of contamination of fuel by higher boiling oils or particulate matter ASTM Possibly due to oxidative polymerization of smaller compounds May cause plugging of fuel delivery system Negative effect on thermal stability as more gums formed at higher temperature over time

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SUMMARY
Presentation is simply an overview of critical points of aviation fuel

quality
Other tests and properties, as well as alternative tests, are specified Lubricity, Conductivity, Silver Corrosion, Color and Microbial

contamination are properties to consider


Sampling and proper testing using adequate quality control tools are

key to risk minimization of jet fuel production, transportation and end use

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QUESTIONS?

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