PROBABILITY 1

SAMPLE SPACE
Sample space
Example :
Letter S Represents the sample space

Set of possible outcomes of an experiment

1. A dice is rolled. S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 2. A coin is tossed S = { Head, Tail}

Give other examples

Lets Try
1. A letter is drawn from a box containing all the letters from the word SMART. List down the sample space
S = { S, M, A, R, T }

2. One letter is selected from the word PAROI randomly. list down the sample space S = { P, A, R, O, I }

3. A ball is selected randomly from a bag that has 3 green ball, 2 red ball and 1 blue ball. List down the sample space.
S = { G1, G2, G3, R1, R2, B}

EVENT
Event a subset of a sample space
1. A dice is rolled. S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} A = even numbers are selected A = { 2, 4, 6 } n(A) = 3

2. A coin is tossed S = { Head, Tail} A = head is obtained A = { head } n(A) = 1

Text book: exercise 7.1a Page 214

PROBABILITY
P(A) = number of times an event occurs number of sample space

P(A) = n(A) n(S)

1. A dice is rolled. Find the probability of getting an even number.

S

= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} n(S) = 6 A = even numbers are selected A = { 2, 4, 6 } n(A) = 3 P(A)

P(A) = 3 6 = 1 2

= n(A) n(S)

2. A coin is tossed. Find the probability of getting head S = { Head, Tail} n(S) = 2 A = head is obtained A = { head } n(A) = 1

P(A) = 1 2

P(A) = n(A) n(S)

Lets Try
1. A letter is drawn at random from a box containing all the letters from the word SMART. Find the probability letter A appear.

P(A) = 1 5

2. One letter is selected from the word PAROI randomly. Find the probability that vowel is chosen.
P(A) = 3 5

3. A ball is selected randomly from a bag that has 3 green ball, 2 red ball and 1 blue ball. Find the probability that red ball are chosen P(A) = 1 3
Text book Exercise 7.1b Page 216

Probability of an event =No. of times an event occurs from a big enough of trials Large number of trials

P(A)

n (A) n (S)

Type of programme news N0. of viewers 15 500

sports 25 000

documentary entertainment 9000 30 500

A survey was carried out by a local TV station on 80 000 viewers and its results Was recorded in the table above. Find the probability of viewer selected randomly is interested in

a. Sports programme P (sport) = 25 000 80 000

=5 16

b. Documentary programme

P ( Doc) =

9000 80 000

= 9 80

No. of children

>4

No. of families

300 210 290 450 1150 600

A census was carried out on 3000 families, the information above was obtained. If a families is chosen randomly, find the probability that the family has a ) only one children P( a ) = 210 3000 = 7 100

b) At least one children P(b)= 210 + 290 + 450 + 1150 + 600 = 9 10

3000
= 600 = 1 5

c) P ( more than 4 children)

3000

Mr Chow examined 100 boxes of apples and the number of rotten apples in each box was recorded as below. A box of apples is chosen at random

No. of rotten apples No. of boxes

1 15

2 40

3 5

4 25

5 15

Estimate the probability that the box a. Consists 2 rotten apples.

= 40 = 2 100 5

b. Consists 4 rotten apples = 25 = 1 100 4 c. Not consists any rotten apples = d. Consists at least 1 rotten apples = 0 100 =

100 = 1 100

Hot tips
0 < probability < 1 Probability of an events will occur is

Probability of an events will not occur is 0

RM
Freq

250
12

300
18

350
35

400
5

450
20

500
10

The frequency table above shows the monthly expenses Of a group of university students. If a student is chosen at Random, find the probability that the student spends more then RM 400 per month

P(A)= n (A) n (S) P(A)= 30 100

= 3 10

Try this
10 tickets with serial number 31 to 40 are put into a container. One tickets is drawn at random. The probability of drawing a tickets with a number which is a multiple of 3 is ? solution Write down the numbers = 31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40 Multiple of 3 P (Multiple of 3) = = 33 , 36 n ( A) , 39

n ( S )
=

10

Calculate the expected number of times an event will occur, given the probability of the event and number of trials

P(A)=
n(A )=

n(A) n(S)
P(A)
x

n(S)

Q1. In a mathematics Quiz, the probability of a team entering semi-finals is 1. 4 If there are 24 teams taking part in the quiz, find the number of teams expected to enter the semi final. n (A)=P(A) x n (S ) n (A)= 1 4 n (A)= 6
x

24

The probability of an employee coming late to work on Monday is 1 . How many employees are expected to 8 Come late to work on Monday if there is a total of 640 Employees working on that day?

n(A)=P(A)xn(S)

n(A)= 1 X 8 n ( A ) = 80

640

Text book exercise 7.1c Page 217

Probability of the compliment of an event

The compliment of an event,A = A Is the set of all outcomes in the sample space S that are not included in the outcomes of event A
S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} A= { 2, 3, 5 } A= {1, 4, 6}
P(A)= n(A) n(S) P(A)= 3 6

Compliment
S = { red ball, yellow ball,blue ball } G = {red ball } G= { yellow ball, blue ball }
P(G)= n (G) n (S) P(G)= 2 3

P(G)= 1-P(G) P(G)= 1- =

Text book ex7.2b Page 220

Probability of a combined event

The event A or B are the elements of the union of A and B that is A B A B=
P (A B) = P(A) + P(B)

A B A B P(A U B)= P(A) + P(B) - P(A n B)

The event A and B are the elements of the intersection of A and B that is A B
P(A B) = P(A) X P(B)

A number is selected at random from the set {11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18} List the outcomes of the event that an odd number or multiple of 3 is selected M = odd number is selected {11, 13, 15, 17} P(M U N)=6 8 N = multiple of 3 USE FORMULA {12, 15, 18 } P( MUN)=P(M) + P(N) - P(MnN) The event M N = 4 +3 - 1 = 6 ={11,12,13, 15,17,18}

U Box 1

E Box 2

A card is selected at random from each box List all the outcomes of the following events AND Find the probability

i)The letter V from box 1 or the letter T from box 2 are selected ii)A consonant from box 1 or vowel from box 2 are selected
i

U Box 1

E Box 2

A card is selected at random from each box List all the outcomes of the following events

i)The letter V from box 1 and the letter T from box 2 are selected
ii)A consonant from box 1 and vowel from box 2 are selected Box 1 U Box 2 E U,E

O
T E O

U,O
U,T V,E V,O V,T n(S)=6

i) ( V,T ) n(i)=1 P(i)=1/6 ii) ( V,E ) ( V,O )

n(ii)=2 P(ii)=2/6=

U Box 1

E Box 2

A card is selected at random from each box List all the outcomes of the following events

i)The letter V from box 1 and the letter T from box 2 are selected
ii)A consonant from box 1 and vowel from box 2 are selected Box 2 Box 1 i) V,T n(i)=1 P(i)=1/6 ii) ( V,E ) ( V,O ) n(ii)=2 P(ii)=2/6=

U V

U,E V,E

U,O V,O

U,T V,T

n(S)=6

U Box 1

E Box 2

A card is selected at random from each box List all the outcomes of the following events

i)The letter V from box 1 and the letter T from box 2 are selected
ii)A consonant from box 1 and vowel from box 2 are selected

i) P(A) P(B)

x =1/6
ii) P(A) P(B)

x =2/6=

A coin is toss and a dice is role By listing the out comes, find the probability getting a) Head or even number b) Tail and prime number
Coin Dice

H T
a)

1 H,1 T,1
H,3

2 H,2 T,2
H,4

3 H,3 T,3
n (S) = 12

4 H,4 T,4
H,6

5 H,5 T,5
T,2 T,4

6 H,6 T,6
T,6

H,1 H,2

H,5

P (a) = n( a ) = 9 = 3 n( s ) 12 4

b) T,2

T,3

T,5

P (b) =

n( a ) = 3 = 1 n( s ) 12 4

Bag P( CARD A,B,C ) A, B, C

Bag Q ( 3 RED, 2 GREEN BALL) R1 , R2 , R3, G1, G2

A ball and a card is picking from bag P and bag Q at the same time By listing the out comes, find the probability getting a) Vocal Card or Red Ball b) Card B and Green Ball
Card
Ball

R1

R2

R3

G1

G2
n (S) = 15

A B C
a) b)

AR1 A R2 A R3 AG1 AG2 BR1 B R2 B R3 BG1 BG2 CR1 C R2 C R3 CG1 CG2

P (a) = 11 15 P (b) =2

Society Science Consumer

Number of Student boy girl 3 5 4 6 7

a.If two students were chosen at random from the Science Society, calculate the probability that both are girls.

5 8

4 7

5 14

b. If two students were chosen at random from the group of

boys, calculate the probability that both boys came from the same society S and S or P and P

3/9 x2/8 + 6/9 x 5/8 =1/2